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MANI-MALA,
A TREATISE ON GEMS,
SOTJRINDRO MOHUN TAGORE, Mtrs. Doc.,
<r
KNIGHT COMMANDER OF THE ORDER OF LEOPOLD OF BELGIUM ;
K NIGHT COMMANDER OF THE 1ST CLASS OF THE ORDER OF ALBERT OF SAXONY J
CHEVALIER OF THE IMPERIAL ORDER OF MEDJIDIE OF TURKEY ;
KNIGHT OF THE SIAMESE ORDER OF BUSABi-MALA ;
KNIGHT OF THE GURKHA ORDER OF SARASWATI, 8 AN GIT A NAY AKA AND
SANGITA SAGARA OF NEPAUL ;
FOUNDER AND PRESIDENT OF THE BENGAL MUSIC SCHOOL ;
HONORARY MAGISTRATE, JUSTICE OF THE PEACE AND
FELLOW OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALCUTTA ;
MEMBER OF THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY, AND FELLOW OF THE ROYAL
SOCIETY OF LITERATURE, GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND ;
HONORARY MEMBER OF THE ROYAL SWEDISH MUSICAL ACADEMY, STOCKHOLM ;
OFFIC1ER DE LTNSTRUCTION PUBLIQUE AND OFFICIER D'ACADEMIE,
PARIS y ASSOCIATE MEMBER OF THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,
LETTERS AND FINE ARTS OF BELGIUM ;
CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE MUSICAL SOCIETY OF AMSTERDAM ;
FOREIGN MEMBER OF THE ROYAL PHILOLOGICAL AND ETHNOGRAPHICAL
INSTITUTION OF NETHERLANDS INDIA AT THE HAGUE ;
CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE UNIVERSITY OF GENEVA ;
SOCIO ONORARIO OF THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF ST. CECILIA, ROME ;
SOCIO ONORARIO SOCIETA DIDASCALICA ITALIAN A ;
ACCADEMICO CORRISPONDENTE OF THE ACADEMY OF THE
ROYAL MUSICAL INSTITUTE AND ORDINARY MEMBER OF THE
ORIENTAL ACADEMY OF FLORENCE ;
SOCIO CORRISPONDENTE OF THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF RAFFAELLO, URBINO,
ITALY ; BENEMERITO OF THE ROYAL UNIVERSITY OF PARMA ;
SOCIO CO-OPERATORE OF THE ACADEMY OF P1TTAGORICA, NAPLES ;
SOCIO ONORARIO OF THE PHILHARMONIC ACADEMY OF BOLOGNA ;
HONORARY MEMBER OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ATHENS, GREECE ;
SOCIO ONORARIO OF THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF PALERMO, SICILY ;
PATRON OF THE ATHENEUM OF THE ROYAL UNIVERSITY OF SASSARI,
SARDINIA ; AND HONORARY MEMBER OF THE
PHILHARMONIC SOCIETY OF MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA; &C-, &C., &C.
PART I.
CALCUTTA:
Printed by I. C. Bose & Co., Stanhope Press, 249, Bow*Ba
and Published by the Author. ~ ‘ "
1879.
[All rights reserved.]
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I
PREFACE,
fgU gHIS “Mani-mala” (Chain of Gems) has been
^ strung on the four-fold thread of English,
Bengali, Hindi and Sanskrit languages, with the gems
obtained from the precious mines of the Puranas
and other classic works of the Hindus. At the end
of the description of each class of gems Jiave been
inserted the views of the European authorities
thereon as a knot in order to compactness. To the
whole has been attached a Pendant forming the
supplement, replenished with miscellaneous infor-
mation on diverse kinds of gems.
S. M. TAGOEE.
tr
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CONTENTS
Invocation
...
...
Page
3
History of Syamantaha
...
9
General Remarks on Gems ...
• «.
73
Diamond, page 91—185
Defects of Diamond ... ...
...
• . .
115
Process of Refining a Diamond ...
Ml
...
137
Diamond : Its Properties ...
• II
...
142
Diamonds — where found ...
• 1 •
144
Colored Diamond
• ••
151
Mode of Cutting— Indian and European
III
...
153
Engraving on Diamond
• • •
157
Price of Diamond, its Flaws and Defects ; mode
of
Testing ...
...
• • .
159
Supernatural and Medicinal Properties attributed to
the Diamond ... ...
...
...
163
Celebrated Diamonds, Kohi-noor...
• • •
...
165
Great Mogul ... ...
• • •
...
168
Pitt or Regent Diamond ...
. 1.
170
Orloff or Amsterdam Diamond ...
• ••
...
171
Nassuck Diamond
...
173
Nizam
...
»
Shah of Persia
• • •
• I •
Pacha of Egypt ... ...
Ml
...
174
Mattam Diamond ... ...
• » <
...
Sancy Diamond ... ...
• » •
...
175
Charles the Bold’s Diamond ...
• •
...
176
Florentine Brilliant
• « •
177
Braganza ... !]'.
• I •
...
178
Pigott Diamond
...
...
179
Hope Diamond ... ...
• I •
...
n
Eugdnie Brilliant
• • .
...
39
Cumberland Diamond ...
...
...
180
Star of the South
...
...
Polar Star
...
...
99
Other large Diamonds ...
• I •
• • •
181
11
CONTENTS.
Ruby, page 187—250.
Shades and other Qualities of Rubies
Ruby : Its Properties ...
Rubies — where found ...
Mode of Cutting
Ruby, as known to the Ancients ...
Engraving on Rubies ... ......
Price of the Ruby, its Flaws and Defects ; mode of
Testing ... . v
Marvellous and Medicinal Powers attributed to the
Ruby
Celebrated Rubies
Oat’s -eye; page 253—270.
Qualities of the* CatVeye
Defects of the CatVeye
CatVeye: Its Properties
CatVeyes — where found ...
Mode of Cutting
Its price, Flaws’and Defects; mode of Testing
Its Marvellous Powers ... ...
Celebrated CatVeyes ... ### ...
.Pearl, .page 273— 352.
Properties of Pearls
Defects, of Pearls
Pearl Its Properties • ...
Original Formation of Pearls
Pearls— where found : Pearl Fisheries ...
Mode of. Boring- and Polishing
Pearls, as known -to the Ancients
Price of. Pearls : Imitations... ... ...
Marvellous and Medicinal Virtues of- the Pearl
Celebrated Pearls-
Gomeda or Zircon, &c., page 355 — 365.
Zircon, Hyacinth or Jacinth : Its Properties
Zircon, &c., — where found ... ... ...
Mode of Cutting and Polishing
Zircon, Jacinth or Hyacinth, as known to the Ancients:
Engravings ...
Price of the Zircon; its Flaws and Defects; mode of
Testing ... ...
Marvellous Properties attributed to the Zircon
Page
203
230
233
236
237
238
240
243
245
257
259
266
267
269
311
317
326
327
331
339
340
344
348
349
360
361
362
363
365
^ CONTENTS.
Coral, page 3G7— 385.
Coral : . Its Properties
Page
378
Corals — where found : Coral Fisheries ...
• M
379
Cutting and Boring of Coral. ...
• • •
381
Engraving on Corals
• i •
yy
Coral, as known to the Ancients : Its Uses
• • •
382
Price of Coral : Its Imitations
• • f
3S3
Marvellous and Medicinal Powers attributed to Coral
384
Emerald, p$ge 387—418.
Defects of the Etrve raid
Good Properties of the Emerald
Shades- of the Emerald
Emerald: Its Properties
Emeralds — where found
Emerald, as known to the Anoients *...
Engravings on Emerald
Cutting of Emerald
Price of the Emerald ; its Flaws and Defects : Imita-
tions .
Marvellous and Medicinal Properties
Celebrated Emeralds
Topaz, page 421 — 433.
Topaz : Its Properties
Topazes— where found : Varieties of the Topaz
Topaz, as known to the Ancients
Cutting and Engraving ... ...
Its price : Imitations ... ...
Marvellous and Medicinal Properties attributed to the
393
395
397
402
404
407
411
412
413
415
417
426
427
428
430
Topaz
...
431
Celebrated Topazes
...
432
Sapphire, page 435—459.
Qualities of the Sapphire ’ ...
...
441
Defects of the Sapphire
...
443
Sapphire: Its Properties
...
450
Sapphires — where found .... .
...
451
Sapphire, as known to the Ancients
...
Engraving and Cutting ... ...
...
452
Its price, Flaws and Defects : Imitations
Marvellous and Medicinal Properties attributed
Sapphire
...
453
to the
..456
Celebrated Sapphires
. .
458
IV CONTENTS.
Chrysoberyl, page 461—466.
Page
\ Chrysoberyl : Its Properties ...
• ••
464
| Chrysoberyls — where found ...
465
| Mode of Cutting ... ...
!•#
| Clirysoberyl, as known to the Ancients ...
!«•
| Its price
Ml
466
Garnet, page 469—479
| Garnet : Its Properties ... ...
...
472
\ Its varieties — where found ...
Cutting and Engraviug ... ...
474
Garnet, as known to the Ancients
§ • §
476
: Its price: Imitations
• tt
477
Marvellous and Medicinal Properties
in
479
Celebrated Garnets ... ...
IM
>>
Carnelian, page 481—487.
Carnelian : Its Properties
482
! Carnelians — where found ...
Cutting and Engraving ... ...
• . .
483
Carnelian, as kuown to the Ancients ...
• ••
484
! Its price
...
485
Marvellous and Medicinal Virtues attributed
to the
Cameliau
IM
486
Quartz, page 489—495.
Quartz: Its varieties ... ...
• 1 •
494
Rock-Crystal, page 497—506.
Rock-Crystal : Its Properties : Where found :
Cutting
and Engraving
Ml
502
Rock-Crystal, as known to the Ancients : Its Uses
503
Its price : Imitations ...
• H
504
Marvellous and Medicinal Properties ...
505
Celebrated Rock-Crystals
• ••
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MANI-MALA,
OR
on (g^ms.
The Invocation.
to the goddess who chases away the dark-
of ignorance ! Her, who is ceaselessly ador-
ed by the Holy Triad, whose form is gentleness, who
dwells constantly in the lotus forest, whose lustre
resembles that of the moon, whose person is decked
all oyer with milk-white ornaments, whose hand
sometimes holds the hard handle of the Vind, at
others, the neat volume, whose favor reclaims
people from ignorance and brings about their good,
— hail to the word-presiding goddess, Saraswati !
******
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3 T^©^lC'r'<fC<? II
0\ *'•
S^TH t*frft ^TlffT ^T qft^RTj l M
w?t *m: 5fcnrTfijR: I
^?rr »r^5rf ^Tf*r ^rgwT^fsr <t=^?t: n ^ l
<PTlft ^TTrTJj: i
TpzjTiTiT^ ii 3 n
^rR W5 ^ ^ftnUSTWfafT rT^TT I
fa^r*rftrg *raTff%B *nr% frsrf : g 8 »
k
?RSWT I
T^r^t «n<r xrf%i qft^T
f^lf sfa •?te, *rw wt*tt^
*fm 1 1 ^ i
^ ^Sf T.& f%*rw* 5TRT1RiT*i
fa^R t> WT^R fRfTff TfflT *rRT"
T’.R^T %R I ; R?HR TeTXfiT *RTW SfR-
v3 ^
^Tf^ f%RT RRT t I ^ I
S^fiT 3tR I
^-’rfNT-’rf^T sreir %> ^ ^N;t, *rf?r, *tV*^r
*TRR N <* ^TTBIT, ^hPT ^T ^T, R^fsRT, <fNRTR>
tops, Tii^fr, ^r, ^fzoff, g*?ii xr^rw^t
*Rfa I, 2R<TsN «T^T R 1 1 ^18 I
Translation.
1. Of the various kinds of gems, those only
that, on examination, turn out to be sterling, should
be treasured up.
2. As a pure jewel is a source of manifold bless-
ing to man, so a flawy one is tbe cause of diverse
troubles. I shall therefore expose the real proper-
ties of precious stones.
3 — 4. According to authorities in the science of
precious stones, the following classification well nigh
exhausts the more important ones : diamond, pearl,
zircon, ruby, emerald, sapphire, cat’s eye, topaz,
cymophane, garnet, spinel or balas ruby, quartz and
coral.
<T3 'SH *tfte1 (71
'©fare wrajrto'
ret wl frora ii ^ ii
1%^ (7w
wttft wl *rt ii * ii
*rR5re?n fm, w\> c’rtw, ^rtfre
?rtw, <K<?\s*h © *i«ti ©before
I ^^5 TOR, 4Ts W
<KW<1 Wft © ^fe® -f%f% C*R II II 8 II
L*
Jiftwrer i
wi
qW*T 7T7PR# qi^ ^ I
*nani 4 q^TMTqT a 1 B
f^r7jf ^rrt% qTq's?tT?fq I
7JWq*q^T I f B
Trd^T PTt T^TT^t TffqqW I
qi*W q^TTf qTfa ^l4: f^qq^Vw II \9 H
f tmvjw. q^faqq: i
« qq q^iqT’qTqpi' tTT^:: qftqrf%r?n: a c; ||
«TC3WT I
qwr*aVq%?r qfw qf, tt.
qrqq q?H qqr, qtqnnq q^fhrr q>Tq qr?
fqq?T SfiT# I 1 I
TW f fqrq f *f7qq q^T VtrTT T, q>t
Ter tjw^N 4V* *rtH 1 1 ^ I
wt tt5tt ^q% qtTqqT tr* qrqqf
^f%«7 t - , qfei TeT^ q^^T qiTqi <3*Tq wt
fv^Tq ^N*t ^q-¥ 4k qR# I \a i
«rt *r*rqr W37iq*q ^4^T TePfiT
arq^TT %, fqi*r TerqiT qqT ^iq ^fqci
t, fqirq ^xq v qqi4, 4k Twi^qq qkqqi
%, q4t qftq Terqrr^% I « l
K
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
7
Translation.
5. The worth of gems is ascertained by persons
skilled in the knowledge of them, after examination
of their figure, color, flawlessness or otherwise, and
the effects deducible therefrom.
6. Stones originating on inauspicious days and
at unlucky moments are not only void of any bene-
ficial quality, but are positively harmful.
7. Those princes that are desirous of securing
good fortune, should procure and wear jewels of
spotless chastity.
8. Only such persons as have mastered the
knowledge of gems, use them habitually, can judge
their value with precision, and are skilled in the
lapidary art, should be reckoned as connoisseurs of
precious stones.
cm w mm
fem ^f?TC7R II <k II
(71 W Ujf'TOI <£«u?t C*l* 3 14 5 1'
w cmtfe ii & ii
^ (71
^nrl cm <? rt ^ mu
(7i *i#ri m-
m cm. news
r_ . ^ . ? .i- . C- .
^’TPF I
(71 *lf5Fl f^Sr ^«T W&V,
few, ttmft imffe mn
, r-s ^ , i „ .
*ffC<H II b- II
pfiDHT^I I
*T*5W I
f^Trr^f WTCPnffwr: HW[ I <* I
q;q^T g ^ ^wifacr^rr I
*rfq**rf q^rifarr: qtq ^fr%
* ^ °\
^T q%fqqftq*rq , q«q*?i* cr^^TWt *r<nnzpr ^
fafWT^T Tmiftsm* fwirqgqqr^qTfa n* i
*pufto% tthtw *nqqNf% ?pt ^tjh ^ 3%, *tn
*re 3rrSir%*T^ ^ 5t*r f^rc y i
STOWT I
ir^qrr faw» ^V ft l
^ q«T ^WTf%<T, 'sffc ^tzqiT qi*T I
*r4fq q^*r faw v 1 e. i
Ov.
** **t 5 *WTT^TrT qiT
^TTT^JTT HRT^ %l ^ff^T ^flRiT WtW
qra <stjt ir, ^ ^ qnr I *^t-
^nrqPt *fr w^Tf stt f q^r, “*mqq !
% ^TT^rar^ ^rpnift fTOrcrir fq^% *3 rpt
fw af, ^T^r ^iq qT*qr V, iq>q
qT»ft tr ^rr*ft rr^% t:wrrT Y I qrrqq>
i»qTqiT qfti fq^ *?% qf% f wt f % ® |
&
A TREATISE ON OEMS
9
In order to illustrate the influence which gems exercise over
the destiuies of individuals, I shall narrate tho history of the
classic gem, SyaviantaJca .
9. N ighna, the son of Anamitra, had two sons,
Satrajita and his younger brother Prasena. A
great intimacy is said to have subsisted between
Satrajita and the divine sun.
10. Once Satrdjita took up his abode in the sea-
coast for the purpose of spending his time in wor-
shipping the sun. After he had prayed long and
intently, the * king of day’ appeared before him.
Satrajita, not perceiving the god distinctly, said, —
“ Lord, why, notwithstanding your personal appear-
ance before me, do I see in you the same globe
of fire that crests the welkin ? I see no signs of
your favor.”
s'lwt’r sTstcJi ifRsj'stc'lT
I
* TOc&st TO <2tFR I TOlH tRIUR *rat-
fwuo<r flro i s> i
<49 ’TTO ^ 5 HTO' ^f%Tl
tor i <4TOtf&SQ fwf^<r
TOta TOfe i fit <t 4 w«i *ifi ^r^-
5Tl *ft^Tl ! TOt TOl-
SfOT TOR177F (71 <2fTO (TtfTOs *lff,
Rfw TOtft tor fro
TOf*t toto (Tfteff i toto
Translation.
The History of Sycmantaka.
TO CTO ^ l> I
B
ufanni^T i
qqq i
0\ "»
(VTVT^rTT) TO** fqqqT^iqqpq ^qqpR-
®S. nS
5TT^T ▼rfnr^^Trn^T qsfiTsq 5q^T. |
»(
q^q^q fq^TfqTsrqqqqTf^q^T^q i i enrnrfnr-
wifinmr qqqjq qTqqrqtsfqqq
qqfcffq I q ^ rft:w qfqTqqqrqq I q qjfq qqj «T<T
* €\ K
fqqfq qf ftrqjrprre^ i I
qqifqrqfcfq ^^qf^TrT^T’T^TiHflSTT q4 T3
«\ c
qqftfqTqqf^qqmq§*qiqqq stw fqqq i I
cRSWT I
qqrfqxqqt ^ qq^q qren^q^ -qqq
7T%q •qfqsqqiqTq wfnr TsftqqiT W f^ I WT^ qqqi
qqifqqq qqjt^T qq^ fqiqr I qqqiT ^
?VT^% ^WPT #tZT SR^, ^ffqr
qt^ft fq^qqnr, ^qfq^ qtej ^TT qft*
fqqT 3?3T I ^ ^qifqqq TTWT^T q^ ^fq
faqi, qq qqj^q ^ 1 qqqt q^T> qi ^rqxfqq ! gq ^qq
^q^ f^xq^qi *r qtqV i ^rqxfsmq qqx^qqt
qq qiq qrtqqq q^t - qfarqqft q|qi I qqj^qq ^n-
<\ °\
faq^t qq qfqr tmx. qxqq ^nq^ qqq fqqx IUI
qqTfaq qq togW qfq?;qqiT qrqq q%q
*1
qq^qq^ qqjqi q*xiq q^^ft TtqiT qqq qwt
°\
qro qftT xxquq qqq $?q sw qq^q ^xf%q
sf I ^ I
A TREATISE ON GEMS,
11
Translation.
11. On being thus accosted, the divine sun took
out the gem Syammtaka from his neck, and laid it
out. Satr.ljita could now see his real form. His com-
plexion was reddish like copper, and lustrous ; his
body was under the middle stature ; his eyes were
slightly tawny. After Satrajita had worshipped him
duly, the divinity said , — “ Satrajita, do you ask for
some recompense for your merit.” Satrajita there-
upon asked for the gem. The sun accordingly gave
it him and went away.
12. On wearing the jewel over his neck, he ap-
peared refulgent like the sun, and entered Dvaraka.
aft fk
' 2 fW 7 5 2 j> ^ r f%6' r H I
n«f wfann win c«itRw, *t#ta
tfeR, wtfer® i
^srtntn ^rf%4Tfnw nn <2fNnl nn i nnlTs?^> n^rr-
otrM <4^ ssm«i <Ffel nfnni ntn- j
or i ^inprt'Q (?rt nf*tnn
ns%l ef’sft n^fnoR i ^ i
n^ffsFs c*\$
wtn cwrt ^nl
ntRWntos <2tcn*f nfeR i ^ i
JiSQ)
(p
12 I
i
©V "
g^hpr* ^fwrererrrcTOiiN *t*ttoi-
Trfwxr^T^- «nnr^ ! ^^npr^r ^s^i^t-
<mf%&: I ^ ART* ^RRpT^TRRTf^:
^pr^TO *T*Rftj f»w-
^>TRTf>T I <ri"ST fa^reTT: qsgf? \<vrxm w
^ | < V
* ^ <r CTU«r«TO jreRfqRTwfa^ir^r w Jtl($l
nffrf^rg TT^JTfnr^rnr^iT^ *n^frii ?^l
<1 ^ ^1
( SR5WI 1 f
’TRi 5TIW ^iT^^Ti- ^fa^ir ^TSTCEI^R
3 -9 N
$^frrR% ^TTSfiT im* 3Rifi *PflRj
^sr^rm ^riw %* I <3^t
^ WTH T^RR! 'fT^? TI^Tff sftir> €t?I
fs^fit f&T WT^T Tt» ^ *m ^f1% t, ^
I; V °\> ^ ®S.
TT^TI ^r^lfsrrf f‘ I N=Tf?%
«1RT CTPtMV THR3R ^T'Wt ^TUPR fa*?T I* T^-
f«j^ ?j*r ^r?&t T*
iprarc wt ^T3fif*T*rnft I i
^Tf*ra?r ’sro^’
TORR WI I ^8 I
3pg ^rfnr^R <??: <N *%\z tTwt
tm I *^i
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
13
Translation.
13. When the inhabitants saw him coming, they
hastened to that Incarnation of the Deity and
Bearer of our sins — Krishna, and, bowing them-
selves down before him, said, — “ Lord ! the divine
sun is coming hither to see you.” On hearing
this, Krishna replied, with a smile, “ He whom
you take for the sun, is king Satrajita. He is com-
ing hither, decked in the great gem obtained by him
from the sun. You may therefore see him without
fear.” Thus enlightened, they went their way.
14. Satr&jita kept Syamantaha in his palace.
15. This matchless gem every day produced eight
loads* of gold.
cwRrwl
'©fori c^twl ^
HG<*b ?twl *l<iilfsrM> i
'tft 5 ftl c l < P3'© < 3' s llTR
^TlI>iCNsG^»i, Cst 5 ^ ON I
^ ^1%d vst^rl <2f^R ii ^ ii
?P4tfW8 CRt ^RtU
3Wl I ^8 I
(Tit <2^ <2TR
I I
^Tpf I
* Sauskrita, vdra=20 Tola3 =2,000 Palas of gold. — Williams
i
<Tr[JT>TTWT^ *qr5p|N ^q^RI? qRjqfg-
*T ^qfrl \ l^\
qr^nftsfq TT^r^rci^ *rq^qfrarq?jf^f?T f%q^TT-
^qftsfq q qrsrc i I
Wrfarihai^Tlt ?TT^?T<T qifqT^rqqqq^q^fto:
N» "“ «1
^ fT^fT* ^tT^T^I I
cPl^WT I
Tf5W ^Tfr *TT qqq{>
^jq» ^ffc $f*r^T*r ^T ^T I m
^3^; ^’fTTrr^ TT^TT STT^ q*TWJTC
«t
=?fi^isni^ ^5 qifwnft 'rt^T»H'
WT^.% *T3% ’arfm 5T
f%^T I \\9 I
T* ^ q^T a^T t, *WWW
if, % q^i? ’f^TT qre qrlqt q>^q I qq**
wfsrcR qfqq ki % q^qqft qf qfw t f^n I %*> I
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
15
Translation.
1G. Through its magical influence, the kingdom
became free from draught, serpents, conflagration,
j thieves and famines.
17. The gem having been deemed worthy of
| Ugrasena in the opinion of Krishna, he was an-
xious to have it, but the fear of family feud res-
trained him from taking possession of it by force.
18. “ I understand that Krishna covets this
jewel.” Lest he asked for it of him, Satr&jita
transferred it to his brother, Prascna.
CFt<I ^ ^ 5TI I V5> I
‘
IV* I
?
<2tf% , fffre
«sft«^rl tor,
vstfl Wf«i
TUsHTI
£\ "
fig fkw^Sr^qqhrxqif^ gu^jg-
* " j
qr^fn g gq grcgfg ggg ggftfa i ^r^X"
gfa g%5i: ^^fx%=r ^"3T^ -irafl! ggrrearr ^^ 7 -
TPTOflJ fl^ W I ^rai ff^?g
fqvt^TT^q-f&r^TTHf^ra wi^ig Tngggfi: qjgrfV >
•* f
gfagi vronir g^r ^Tffrw^r 1 ’on^gigiznr^f figrftr-
Trnri^rg *rfafg ^grancwgra g wT^r^T^r
^ ;
—
d*.3T*U I
itWX Wf 5lfw ^UTT ggt,
fgg^fi vl%^ ggif^gurg fagg siT'ai^T
girw gfaft 1 ggg% qgg wit gfur gqg g%% j
^T'WT^T fipliT* grgg^ wm
Trg % I ggg gr% vjg *N;g groft gfa gg%
% 77JTT, %Sr Tlftraft gT% ^3iT ^rex ;
wit gggg 7TT^qi% 71WT ^n^tq5fl% TOCt *1K%X
\> ^ N
gg fggj^r gfg^t g f%RTTs gq* g7% g«iT
H £
7T3TT I 'itK ’BjgTOPgg ^q% il^Wt
fgg gwrra fqsgT I ^e. I
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
17
Translation,
19. When worn by a clean man, it produces
gold, but to an unclean person it indubitably
proves fatal. On one occasion, Prasena, decked in
this gem, rode a-hunting into the forest. There
a lion slew both the horse and the horseman, and
was about to depart holding the gem in his mouth,
when J&mbaban, king of bears, slew him in turn,
took the spoil home to his cell and gave it to his
son as a gewgaw.
nfe ^?ri *rfa«i <?rt #r<ra
*\j% farm i ms -sktr
^ f3^ fartt ^fan
ort <Ffes
farH c?\$
i
C
^ srwt nfrorofir-
-N ^
vf ^ jtttt^pt mr«ni^
'f *m Tatfwsr TT5T ^*ft3i: q^r 353 ^ i ^ ©|
fq^rT^mT^TTI^ W3T*
^TTsaq^Vrg^K tHN fafcr
i *rfa<sr5P33^$ fCTV^piiKRfqgfs : faV
<TCSTOT I
33?3t; wq 3^3 fq>?;3n: 3fV ^rer>
33 33 ^333 3>i3T ^fsft 33 , %
=5ftepsrr* ^I3533i3fa% 3T3<T ’STqfa TWT 33tf3 f%-
sft I 3TJfi 31? 1TTH 5Tf^ 3?t I T^SiPCW W ^ft^TT-
3i 33Vfi^ STSU^Jr IT^Plt 3K3TC f%«TT t ;
f3>3*3 333 ^ 3T3T 3f% I I
w^t *iwft i«rare
33T 33i3i?T 3iT^ q3q^ *t^3i 3T^TT% f%^ ^331*
333 333 * t^rr> % 333 3t^ 3f%3 3*% qigm
3TTT a?3T ^nftiPT* 3^T 1? I 3hp3T3 ^333 3I?ft
sftffaft 333 % ^rT3i nft^t 3*fc 33 % q^%
fsncprat t«T3TC *3331 3>31* ^X f%3T I 3T^ «f5
3T3i q^ft3i f33T33i 333T ^3 f3i3T I |
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
19
Translation.
20. When the J&clavas saw that the hour for
Prasena’s return had gone by, they concluded that,
without doubt, Krishna had murdered him and ap-
propriated the gem, he having been before known
to covct^it.
21. When intelligence of this false accusation
came to the knowledge of Krishna, he assembled
the Jadu host, and entering the forest by tracing the
hoof-marks of Prasena’s horse, discovered the dead
body of Prasena and his steed. By showing the
prints of the lion’s paws, he exculpated himself
from the blame laid at his doors ; and then began
to search for the lion guided by the paw-marks.
l
«rtf5f?r <£f1%
^f?ratfe<R, fa® ^1 ^
far<iRtn <2ft.>wc.<t> farf*t
to I |
ilf ^3 cii^ ^ «r<r e i
^%1 etpra tor
'TO*! Tfwl Ctffa»R, TOTS
(§1^3 >2^*1 C»R -8
fa’TO C*f*rf|Sl fa^TOTt<RR ^feR,
'S'tTR
Wtf^fCTOT I ^ I
20
, JT^TJTI
C\ "
fq^qiqqT ^rfWTJT ?ET «T<T^ cf^T-
^V^T?W^Tfq q^Rigqq^ I fqfCrTZ q qqqqq
q^q3qqq^niq 7Irn?^T^’TT^ qr^faw qfaqq I q|--
qfq^ mn: 1^1
fqq : qqqqq*ftq fq’rt 'J cf : I
qfqiTq qT dftaq ^q ^jqqffi: ii ^ ii
IfrpWTI
q’taqjjq q*q> q^t% f^rarr^^ fw xs ^tt^rt
^WT» ir *kqt qTqqiqi ^Trl% q^qiT ^TqfaqT
\3
fq^T t I «fT^ qq% ^ ^qqjqiqfnpqt q a?q ^4q
qqqiqrc qiqq^ qT^riqi fqanrqi qqqrc qqqT
^ j
fqrcr i ^phir qq> qmqq> qsf^qwt
qqtqqr qq qqTqft wqrc qrqqsqi 'imii fqitTqi
\3
qq% Ifrqi q^W I **„ F?Tq qt^t
vj S
^f«Kqi^ ^rt^t qt% fqi
Wpiq?t ^TT^TW I ^ I
qf qprq» ! <jq qt qq, qqi 5Kq qqq^t qiTq>T
qt qfq fqqi wt, qiq qiqq<% xmi* qq^
qwr qrefit qq N qfaqft qn^sq g% f^qi % ; q^
qfw q*q g^rrcW^ 1 1 ^ I
Lm
A TREATISE ON GEMS,
21
Translation,
22. After proceeding some way, he lighted upon
the carcass of the lion. Having regard to the rarity
of such a gem as syamantakci , he then proceeded to
search for the bear in the direction pointed out by
the traces of bis paws. After having advanced
awhile, be stationed bis army in a valley ; and him-
self entered the den of the bear. When be bad
advanced only half way, be heard the following
soothing-speech addressed to Sukumara by bis
nurse : —
23. “ Hush, child ! Don’t you know that the gem
of which the prince of bears, your father, forcibly
possessed himself by slaying the lion, lias been
given to you, and that now it is your own ? ”
^fwl
C^fTOR, CTO ^
*isr $Uzw*\ i wnt
TO ^1 TO fTOTOI
<TO*f I f%TO3 <TO*f
*tt^H i i
^ 5Tl, <4^ fa*
<$&&&$ f^rt*t (R srfw <at*i to, (*
f*t$1 qnrat«F (7ft ft'TOF fort*t (7ft
^Tt*T?RT twin*!, ‘4’Wl <4^
cs Wsrf i i
'SffTflf I
X
*TWT|
Cs -
^\xm~
unfair 7t^fa«r?5sp?wT^
^*1 W I
<t^ ^^^Tfa^TtRwnr^ ;«w*T7rrHT^
^rrtfa osrr^rsrc i *y. i
* ^TSR5TT*r-
*11* rl9>9 Tn:^^* gHTfft|^tf|f^^f^^f^iTT^H^(T I
ffomi i
I
** WTrT ^**rt3« ^f^T 'ST*
*T** *R$ *J*T* *3? I fa*T I tWT, TTt *J**T*
*fa is**% f%s t,
w«fi *KT rf T«5 g*T**T* % I ^ 8 I
<
<
TTt* t^sTT % XTcfi fwwr *rf? <pft
WT, WfT *fcsfit ^?TT I, T**t 'S **>
* *t *n^ wit i ^y. i
w
*Tm*T ^Tf^iT * *T T£*3H: jfiVtfTgr 'g>5RT
** N *t **tm^ srit ; *ffc s*?
< ^ J. *
w ^tttt I *m ^ *^.rt *fau %fT^ sns; i
23 ^
Translation.
24. On learning this, Krishna came forward, and
found syamantaka lying in the hand of the nurse
and illumining the spot.
25. When the eyes of the nurse fell upon a per-
son whom she had never seen before, and who eyed
eagerly the prize in her hand, she cried out, “ help,
help! 0.”
26. Alarmed by her cries, Jambaban
immediately appeared on the spot, filled with
wrath, and entered into a fierce combat with
Krishna. Thislasted for twenty- one days.
I
<7ft
f=rf^6
CzUZ F^f'W I ^8 I
Sffcift (Trt
^ w (7l%1 <i^1 w, wl m,
1 5,<t i
srfarH «ft#a ^ *r«rf% fh^tu
csto *tfn< ^t$1 (7ft a to
^ft ^rt<r§
^ %r i (7ft ^ <ii^°x*ff% f^R ^ ^t*r i
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
vftmTvi i
VVfM
O N
7f V V^faqiTVrV ^TTT^ favifa flf^Tfsfl-
^faqvTWiw^: I ^favqwvTw v vvf^
VW fa% Sf^ ♦tT»TT’3T ? rTTft vfaTETrV^VT TT^T ^W^rTT-
vfat f^c^TTf^T qr^srq airM vr^-<ftfH ^m^i^^rTsir
TTWVTJraT Y?T. ST^TT iffl qTVVTVT^: I ^ I
TITT^PIT^ ?f\^>fa?TVf%qrgqTVfaqT?fiwfa
vqr: i i
vv ^Hi^TfrraiT^Trfqfir^qTTtqg^T^-
vfaTfavi qp*u^f qvTTTwg-fewr i i
C\ N,
^ TV?: VJfTV ITTV
VTf it vtv % Tvfawv ^rr<T ’vrc favvqi qsnrr ;
qrv t:wr, q> vfarqir vra ^xz favqqivt faT^T vfa
’viq, ?nr ^rvqrtvrq ?rqr«ffa fa^T, % ^rv?:
F?TV ^qVT TTTW faVT ; ^?T TVV V $VVV%
VTTV V Tw\ tT vt Ttfa ; Vft fvgv qtti ^JT-
qftviv fa?: vt^?: vt vttt $
WPIWfa, faVT % I I
^ffaqjji vrs'pvv vt vra ^vi?: vvkm favi-
qiTW ^V?W VT^fiVT q>?^TVT l^i
VTTV^V =5TfT% ^ qifa irrf
TTV favr I ^rk vrt ^ qifa v^it srv
^ffavjfa WVTVriT VVTVTT^TV qTVT SVT I I
JTCSWT I
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
Translation.
When the Jadu army found that he did not return
after a week had passed they concluded him dead ;
for had he lived, (thought they) he would certainly
have returned by this time. Under this convic-
tion, they returned to Dwaraka, and gave out that
Krishna had given up the ghost.
27. On receiving this tidings, the friends of
Krishna performed his funeral ceremonies.
28. The various articles of food offered to his
manes contributed but to impart a fresh accession
of strength, while engaged in the combat.
^•Tpf 1
*rti> ffa 1 W (TfRu,
^ *lwe ?rl,
^t«Ti
<4^® ftvPS 5fl I ^?ri
v©t^1 ^ #t^ri f^r
c\, ilf ^ *tf^©rffi Tfwra 1 ^ 1
02te4# ^rajrtTj 1 v* 1
^1*1 i
wtr^s ^*t<ri ^ «3f&-
*it*R I ^b- I
1)
informal t
TTTTR-
^TTt^rTT STT^WT^T qfaqRfTT
inrTO: fq^Tqfa’ft^T ^^T-
q^tjq^qqqwffe fq^^^wfafir: f^s -q^T^f^t-
Tqsq WT^rats^IH^lfil^r ^TTRTJT^ ^^TTtfTTTT-
q^Ti?q >r^qrfT ^rrarfat^m: t I
ff T5TH7 I
\
W% ^ ^X q€ VTT^t j
*TTC^ m’fTW qqq’aT ^X TtWR^ qw-
°l *\ n 3 j
*rfa Tt^ f?K q^T | ^qpqrq ^T^FT TOVt q^T- |
f%rl Iot I ^IW^nT rTT^ VTOTC:
'■ ' -s ^
qWIW qjq% qWr> WTWq ! q*Tq qq ^mXi q^ |
Tmss qqqr? itt^t^- q^i q?^ qrrq 5 ^ j
q?T5rqsfIT Slff TO ?rqr sft% ^ qi^fTTqifT
q^w-^rafa fkm 1 \ qtfq-qigqT^ vr qrr^
qriq^t fiTH, q^ w*ft wsrq qfe ^t w i wit
qqf q*rrq ^aa %> qi srt qq wiTTmt q;q;qiw qrTvrc
•v >
VTO 1PJ q^t qRiqqqi qfaqi ^Tq ^MtlK i \ W
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
27
Translation.
29. What through privation, and what owing to
the many and deep wounds inflicted by his powerful
adversary, Jambaban at length succumbed. Being
thus defeated, he bowed humbly to Krishna, and
said, “ Lord ! when all the Gods and Asuras,* Ja-
< kshasf and GandharvasJ could not defeat thee, what
< is the chance of a weak beast like me, although in j
a human form ? On my life, thou partakest of the
J nature of that Universal God who is the author
i* j
| of my life as of all else that breathe.”
;
Ttra1=rc^sF *Rt?rtOT§
; \5t^tc? i
erf«wt^pfo i w
j cs> wr$,
^ wm<i ^ i c^t«r ,
«rW?i «tf
Wf^r ^ri ^rfeR i ^ i
* Adversaries of the Gods.
I f Demi-gods who are attendants on Kuvera, the God of wealth, and
employed on the care of his garden and treasures. — (Williams.)
X Celestial musiciaus who form the orchestra at the banquets of the
j gods, aud who belong to Indra’s heaven. — (ibid,)
I
*r^ri
AST «3T5rT5T%^T^fsTHTTT^rrT?:^T^% I I
«T ^tqqqrmqf ^ |^l
TT ^ TTfnrtTr^fT Tf^T^fq Tgf^T^J ^TT^T qRIT
^TT7I*T«TT^I>Tffi UT^m*!* 1^1
Cs
^j^jrfnnrcj^ qfaq?2T qr^ I *r*r?it-
sdfmrwmw riwi^nsr^f^ Tr^m^qTqrcftemq
^T’? I M I
cTTSfflT I
on^cfTfr^t wm irqqn: i
<3<TTTq W ^WrfTX
A. *
V I $° I
^ITOrqft WT<T^
w *rfq?i q>^ n f^qr I i
^*r% wt^ qwfa?: Trim urn*
qiT^ ’qta^pfrt q^ qfteqg
-s
*n*r w?MTqrtl^ ^q^ft %^qft srm-
°s ♦
mftqft f^m I ^ I
qfc q^nq qiT% qrfwft
fqrqr I qm*; % ^qrqjR
^i-f^t fq*r TRTfqqr ^twit, ff^r mm*
^qi* ^qm q>qr^ qi*qqiqT^ qqr *rfrr €m
q^T i O I
A TKEATISE ON GEMS. 29
|
Translation.
30. At this, Krishna frankly confessed to his in-
\ carnation for hearing the sins of this world.
31. Highly satisfied at this frank avowal, Jam-
baban began to shampoo Krishna’s body, with a
view to relieving the pain incident to the late
combat.
32. Jambabdn again reverentially bowed, and,
I by way of paying suitable respect to Krishna for
having condescended to come to his dwelling, bes-
towed on him the hand of his daughter, Jambabatx.
33. lie also presented his divine guest with the
< gem Syamantaka. Although fully alive to the im-
; propriety of depriving his friendly host of the
I jewel, Krishna was obliged to accept it, in order to
wipe out the stigma that had attached to his name.
l
^ I ■ Qo I
srf SRH HfTTP? eft*
WR1 CF*! ^f<^T I I
<t>1wl *\$ft '5<nR (71, w® ! ®it 5 f s R
i i
^rl 5 if 4 i"3
<2hrR FfFsT I
c*rt ^ e i f^Ri Ffwhs
^(I^<t>-1^M(7T7f77r?l w \5t^1
1 <2f^l FfeH I I
M
U
i
k
t 1
i k
1
30
ufOTfri^T
*T*WI
C\ "
^tw^tw7tht I wnr^nnrc^TT-
3i^TW^iTT«p"W3Tf?T-
^txwrr^^rVsfT 5^^ft^r^f*T^r^frl
«rre: I ^8 I
vTTwr^fq ^r^r^ir
Wimn wrfsnrre fonrTfa^wfaTjff^T*
^m^rfh^Rn^ f*rtw*rrar i wfa<ftsfir *rcnw
wnrfa*nn^fa!f*rf?r ^cr^r*: ^*fit *rareT*t
Os J
WtTT ^tl ^1
cPCSWT I
wjs WTT *f%rT ?TfI¥ fa*:
^i*r i ^rterar% %*c *rt*fa
^T*T^ sHT* $ ^ T?% flT^^R
'sfafa ^*: sxs e^efa ^pt
*5?T*fi*: to* ^r*** *tpk ^5^ t*T?T I 3 8 I
w^rfira *rar «iV ^*t*t, ^rir *n i
^WTfafT^ *fnr W7 *R**rf ^r
wz I **% *T^ *rT«re?ft«R\ VfTtST* ifa*i f^*T I
^jfarR *rt ^tir^qhl' W7T ^ri 7 ^7TT5ITm, *3«J>
***** *3?<T *fa* TORTOFft
**I% *»* f^*T I H I
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
31
Translation.
34. Then Krishna returned to Dwarakd with
Jdmbabati. His unexpected return infused such
joy into the people, as made even the old young.
All the men and women of the Jadu race flocked
to Yasudeva and expressed their heart-felt congra-
tulations.
35. Krishna now related all that had befallen
the gem ; and finally bestowing it on Satrajita,
wiped out the ‘ damned spot’ on his fair fame. He
then sent Jdmbabati to the inner apartments.
Satrajita now became a prey to fear for having
groundlessly blamed Krishna, and married his
daughter Satyabhdmd to him, by way of concilia-
tion.
j
iilf 33 *if^5 wtwR etf^sR
^%?R I Wl^T
c*r,
It 'mwAi fill ^
<Ffe® «Ttfl«T I ^8 I
’RW 'YtYl W YR-
WP #! £RtR ^%1 flw ^5 W
E*R I wt^€tr^ ce&*\ I
^tfspS'6 <2ff%
%*R RnsTS flw
1 i i
nfjffHRTT I
* - >
^ <r^rtw i
fiWfr^T^T^nnrHnfiTTJT wsjt^rtt: ^rwTfa?r t?r^-
q-Kf' yfW\ | WR3irT3*jrWsrrg WPI^RPr*:
\J Os, C\J<
^rffTiTTWT Rwif^ft ^tswifa^rm ^T^f^r^Tts^m^T- |
*rWT«T ^WStT ^Tf^TW^ I cT^^RT^
«ffa<TT* *nrif^^ w^tw’ c^rt *r I
^ $
g^^nz^mrrT^rr^: ^.g^w^Tfa t^T^nr**’ ^fr-
^rftf?T | ^ | I
cR^TOT I
^ ???T^f ’sfk im^^T *5*^5^ *f%ir
RrsroRrifi wrf^fR^ Rwifa?!^ tostt l
^ncRTpn^ twii ^ wi 5f
^rrcfa ^ T^nrt towr wfwc!# ^*r\ ^r^>
*RTR I ^T3R IfrR^f ST7RR*
*r?rw*r sftt, % Rf^rf^TR *n?T I i
^ ?pRT WWTf^TrT^ RfSHTT^I^
%fe*T T* fanfNV 5T f^T, Rffa
3R% f^3T ; f*JTR Tpi^ ¥5TT^
’SWt sftrTT T*sRT *Rnf%*R ^fV I *sR ^t, *ft
J <
*rsr *cw *rfnr I ^jr strr
<T»r 3R7i, ?ft '?* *m> t, % «fRR
^*R>r <r^rr^t 3 r*t i i
fc
A TREATISE ON GEMS
33
Translation,
36. Akrura; Kritabarma, Satadhanva and other
jadavas had before this sought the hand of Satya-
bliama. Now seeing that Satrajita gave her away
to Krishna, they felt insulted and plotted against
the father. Akrura, Kritabarma, &c., said to Sata-
dhanvd — “ Lo ! Satrajita is a villain: see, he has
given away Satyabhdmd to Krishna, slighting us.
Down with him ! Why do you not slay him and
possess yourselves of the matchless jewel held by
him? If Krishna prove hostilo to you, depend
upon it, we shall be at your back.”
'Q <rt T fWi C 7 ^
f^n? ertsfri j
%*R I Wfl (Rt Wl llfRRR wfa wire
Rwf^s cr v< <Ffori
hr<rt^ter w ^RR I ''S
_ <pR(.^h ; or«r,
wlfw^s %m\, TR s I, ^fsi RtRSl
R^T»RtiR> (R
"G RRtf?^ RRSal ^%1 <3*R f% Rl
fw <r^ wl rR
fan MR #rfa^» <rt*fl ^fsrj rtr i
CR, CRR faRfaf CRt
^fac^ Rl, RfaR^© ‘ ! Ttf% Rl I Rfw R3 <4 faRCR
cstRfa Rf^© fowl r^rr, rtrri Rfaiwf^,
RR*Jt C^tRTR Rf^tRI R^ffo I I
I
a
34.
nfirarsu i
1
Tr^nr^rwosr^Tsrwi^ I qi^-
vr^q-Rt fqf^qqqRTqfifq wrqpr ^11^1^-
n<r: 1 1
m ^ <1%^ qjrrqq ^^nw?r urn^r qmiq
I fqsqqrqqqntf ^ ^r«pn^r yftq^^q-
*n^r qrcwTq?r q<qT qqqqs's qfqqif^qfq wwif^i-
*<tt ^Tri^^JTT wsrqfqqT oyiqTfqq: ^r-
nrqurfnrTw^q’f h 1 qf^qqr^iq’fRqT 1 ri^T^tei q?w
gw 7TW ftfRrllfafa SPIRIT 1^1
crrswr 1
wqRWt q^ WTcf q>q"T fqiqT l
SJI^ ^3^% ^ WT?T ^qqi qr^q^T"! WT^T-
qqqqR q*l\q i | ^qffaq fwq* W* qpq^
rRR ^T qR» T*J ’STf q»TR-
qT% WW q# I ^\3 I
^qR!J% WT^i% gT^ IRq'igTq- ^T-
f^irT^t 4 tir *n:qR ^Rqrq< qfaqt wUra
f%qT I ^VTTWT ^iq^) *rT5fmr wteig*
*krc ^ vit t w qqR tT i^q^qft
qf, 4k 4Nnqi* q»^T* t*ttt qrqqt g^nr *tw
wqk qrk *rqq% uw^rq wq
wiq tr qw qrt qqifaq* wt, q> Trtq 1^1
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
35
Taking advantage of his absence, Sata-
Translation.
37. Satadhanvd consented. In the meanwhile,
Krishna with a view to confirming Durjyodhana in
his belief that the Pandavas had been burnt to death
in the house of lac, went to Barandbata in order to
perform their funeral obsequies.
38
dhanvd murdered Satrdjita while asleep and took
possession of Syamantaka. Satyabhdma, all grief
for the death of her father, immediately went to
Barandbata and said to Krishna, “ Satadhanvd has
murdered my father and stolen the gem Syamcmtaka,
because he gave away my hand to you ; now,
I leave it to you to do the needful.”
I
*tWl TOs I ^
mix ssRt*!
xlsftx rctoi rr *rw x\
^K<R, <4^ ^R S *R%’R C^t^Rl
^r%R w TR^RFs | <oq |
tR'IRts vr *R, *tr«rai
XXSft ^fwl 5 SR^Rf‘l •
I XvTvW f^*fR^Kl ^1
3«ttC?TRC«l ^R'lRt'© <W ^IfWF
^f^*R CT, RRR f*b©1 RRRtlTF XR
wtos »te«rai tRR < 2ft c i farRi ’sxm
ajft I <W«i RRM
ait^l WIT W=T I I
36 ufaHFslT J
C\ **
?r^fT ^R^-grTSrr^T^ftsfq wm> totoftt-
*nr*«irertfkTO irir ^ ! *ro*TT*m*rcr 5Tr?*riT
^tur. i ^r^ppjri^ ^wr?5 tr^tr^i-
fewr wsf^- 1 ^<* i
7I^^^fZl|-JTg5TT^ffJ-Tfi: ^mfbRT^nfT?6TW
fTOTrarai UTf ^I^T-
•J 54
Tiff HqHTCSlt TOnrifTOTO | OTTfoitangTIT
*?!*PW fspR -qjUw. I tf^TOfajrnTTfr 5TOfTOT-
TTRTWT ^RT*T TTff ^ifff | go |
ZTC5WT I
WTcT IpTO TfJT’fY *T5W WsTfl
TRT^ ^T% «RW *3RT*rT%
>3 J
*rfir> % *nir ! *c* gwr tttwi *tp:*tt %
**rfi Thrift § I w *f *r fTTarnfiT
^PHTR WW Tfl TPPT I 7TTWW?t ^f%t Tf
tpg'NY ttittit 3*sfihr 1 1 H I
g*r f <rnr tt?! I ?:^-
Ti^f ^ TOiwrri’t Trinx ?t^>t <r-
TiTf^t ^rr fti, i ir*t fsrV^i ^r%
TfTR TTTTTTTIT» TRTfafT TTfTSRTR ^T*R *R
sRTl T* *TCoTr£ ^«tT3i TOT g^IT
Tt 1>JTT I 8° I
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
Translation.
39. Although this intelligence filled Krishna
with delight, ( the cause whereof will appear in the
sequel ), he feigned wrath and with blood-shot eyes,
said, “ 0 Satye ! This proceeding of Satadhanva
has not disgraced your sire but rue, and woe unto
the wretch for it. Unless you ascend the tree where
the bird has taken shelter, you can not kill it.”
40. “Pray, fobear to bewail the loss of your
father.” Thus having soothed Satyabhama, Vasu-
deva returned to Dw&raka and taking Baladeva aside,
said, “ Prasena, as you know, was slain in the
forest by a lion, now Satr&jita also has been killed
by Satadhanva. These two having died, SyammtaJca
will be ours.”
i
^ ^ ana ^f%-
ffarc cwftwz
Wff*t ^
^1 I 3TI wtfers
^ =n i i
4 Hi'S | 3 T®F»RTC4’ ( 4^'2R r R
<rf*nrl 1 CfWR ftsrW'Stfwl
4f%U=R ; OfH-J, 2fUR \&
tiR i f*RM ^6<rtr®
^"RTfifC^R ^ 'SfUR ^G<1 I 8 ° i
nfirnr^fT f
»T^I
o.
w. wqqgfqqqrsftepr f q
Tr^faff ^^rhfarrepTj Yfft^hfr q TITf MT-
fq*r«i innrerT qjrnpjrfq^q?* qifajf q’croiifqfrrTr-
i ’srr? ** q»?rqqrf qsw^qretqwT
^Tf t ^TT’f ^Tqiqfq
qf% qif^rT ^TTTWrfT qT^q^T*qftqf*q?iqqTpW ^T-
q^qf^rliq^cjiTf^nrT gq^fTJ , q?ffTqf?rwq^q qfqpIFT
qrsrar i
w ^farq? qqq^: ’sfaT nrr^rii
qrqqqqiw 3?^ I q^rtqq ^
wnr Tjqqiq q^T, q qr*V 'rtm I qnqrq^Tq
^frq^r^^WT<T
qrqqqrfq ^nrt, q^T, % ^q
^r^TT q q>T qqiq I qq w^it* qiq qrqn;
°\
q^ qr#t 1 *c?ft sfti qi qqi qT^q fqqf
qiqrcqqrq qiTf^qiqr, qfa q^T
qqq q^q !> wii! fq^q fqqqT
v3
q«q f^^T %, ’qfc 'qqq qq»q qqq qq^qqit ^qq
q*?r %, qq qqsqi^ qqqyq ^qpqjqi qR,
|C
A TREATISE ON GEMS
39
Translation,
41. “ Do you therefore, Sir, get up, and prepare
for slaying Satadhanvd.” Baladeva replied : — “ Be
it so.” Hearing that Krishna and Balarama were
preparing for battle against him, Satadhanva asked
the aid of Kritabarmd. “ I shall not be able to
compete with Krishna and Balarama,” was the
answer of Kritabarmd. Satadhanva now applied
to Akrura. Akrura said, “ He who by one kick
shook the three worlds, who has brought about the
widowhood of the wives of mighty Asuras, who by
his discus subdues powerful enemies, is an overmatch
| faitt ^ i Sllfras
’ftFs I
j <4%
*bswl *rt^rr
| i f ^ mm*
i
| W’tsRi #t«
sftrr
FOF «2^eT
■pip pfcf^ ^t<r, t?ipt
i
S Ov ~
qrreiWfq^*fe*fa:^w €tf^r ^ *r? ^rq;«r-
\ 6
^TK^TT^^^TTWT^fqr wf: f%q?rr?*r i
I r^FT. ^W^fa^TSHTT^I 8\ I
T<*r<r. «RWR^^n«ffTTOr ^^t^twt^t-
< °
*rn^f<T f^^nr^j^Rfm: I TxZW.
^>SSITT *T
\ <TC3WT i
|
^(K ’5TTqT^f^<T*T^q»7T^ir *rqqft |Nq
?RT TT^T *q ’f qqq-
fsTqqft W^T %, q % qtjreT*T% ^I^T
qqqqt qn^qf^fT t;qrrr ^*t qqq q% qrq, qq
I qftq %qr% l t* n ^kttw rj-q qfk
qHJ HTWTTTrl Tt I 8 % I
STrTOvqTfl ^s»jX^ ^ lift ^5Tq»K ^ifT, % ^T\
qjTq t^t qfq q^%> ?rt qfa qjqq qiw
Tif%* i qsrarr^ q*? wt?i tw,
•g-jf q^q qqr f%*ft% q¥ qiq 5IT%T *TT q»ft,
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
41
Translation.
for even the gods, not to speak of weak men like us ;
and who again can take the field against him whoso
half-shut eyes (through drink)* can disperse adverse
hosts by his side-glances, and -who has achieved
immortal fame by drawing by main force a herd
of elephants which had arrayed^ themselves against
him — namely the mighty Haldyudha ? You must
therefore seek for help in other quarters.
42. Ilcaring this, Satadhanva replied, ** If you
don’t think you can assist me, you will, I hope,
oblige me so far as to keep this gem with you.” “ I
can comply with your request,” said Akrura, “ on
condition that you engage never to givo this fact out — i
I
*ttER,
*r%|
5TI, «li5Rl CTWUf
^ r A\ #f
wi *rrfk*R =d,
CTt«r tor,
i *ra*rat* ^
«%i c?«r, Msi-
* Baladeva is <a staunch votary of Bacchus as also Krishna although
in a lesser degree. The former is always 4 tottering’ and ‘ reeling.’ Vide \
Horivansa, a chapter of Makdbkdrata , and a highly interesting and
entertaining paper by Dr. Rajendra Lala Mittra in No. CLXXX. of th
Asiatic journal.
I
0\ "*
stut 5 ? I 8^ I
^rTJg?W(3"T^7Tt WrT^TJT^lf%!ft ^^UTRWT'T-
^rriff: I Ibq^ftq^qtfw^reqiT^^^mT’qT-
frqgrnrTfft 18^1
^t ^r q^T srfratqmTJPTTnr fq^fq
^rfr»n^T f*f*nm^ir qTnngq^qw i vnwfir
j
fit qftfsrssr q^Tffi^qT^^ i 8 8 1
cR^WT I
fit *fwt qi^^r qiT % I *r?re*nq
qft *piftc qfw wti ^ lir qt, qr?p w¥
<\ <\
qfa n’t nr fqi^TT 18^1
qfnr vt^r ^ qft ^tir
<\
qrRqii - qt^q*: qqrr ftqiT I ^qqqqnrqq
qiqq qiT ^t~t ijqqn: Irar, qwsw
q*k *TTW 'qT^ ^NTt^ *qq TO
■wtqiT nrcrq^T^ fqw I 83 I
*TfP*qni sft^t rrcfif^^- ^ nft qriq»T
'qqrq^ fqfqqT^% qiftq «T^qiq qqqiT I
^gjtqrt ^\-^x qiq^nr *ro 1881
A TREATISE ON GE5IS.
43
Translation.
nay, not even in your death-bed.” Satadhanvd,
agreeing to this, Akrura accepted the gem.
43. Having given the jewel to Akrura, Satadhanvd
mounted a mare which could go a hundred jojanas*
a day, and departed. On hearing of his escape,
Krishna and Balardma yoked to a car the four
horses named Saivya, Sugriva, Meghapushpa and
Baldhaka and hastened in pursuit of the fugitive.
4 4. After having gone a hundred jojanas in one
day, the mare of Satadhanvd died of fatigue in a
woodland tract close to Mithild.f So he was obliged
to continue his journey on foot.
'sr^T? t
I
frffi otfR
RiR'e i5R«| I 83, I
TOrai srfw fro*i *r®-
CTtw^rf^t, c^wtf*rct c*rrfr#to®
I f ^ rhtR
R^TtRRtFR «2tu^ CRI, CWfM
W I 8« I
^ ffatTO 5R:«fT CRfWR
TO Ff%s WtffS fsrfsRTR ^fsrf^o
TOfwc*r i *bsRi wRf
^%1 TO <FflRs »ltf*ft*R I 88 I
* A particular measure of distance, sometimes regarded as about
equal to an European league, ( i.e . four or live English miles, but more
correctly =4 krosas or about nine miles ; according to other calcula-
tions = 2$ English miles, and according to some = 8 krosas) (Williams)
vide also Mr. Bboodlky’s interesting paper on Buddistic Remains of
Behar } page 211, No. CLXXX, of the Journal of the Aciatic Society.
t The Modern Oude.
I
i ^ <
qnqftJfa *rqm
^^qqqqTqrc q^tfa^q q^Tfqq»fq*q wm-
qifc I qrq ftr wrpr ??r^r ^qr tas^T aqaa
^t: I 8^ I
qaa^t x* qq Wt I qpqfUfq f%qrm-
*TT^ TrfjT*TT7T^^^r2T ^^tjlfq ^ f%TTT STfjqqq:
| fT^NlW^q q
^R5fiqi Vfnr aiCR q^T rT^qq*q qqpr^TTT? qt-
^r^fwt 'errfnrr: 'araqqq iror qrfqraqqrr^rcaa
\3 ’ v *^S J
I ^SjrW ^fiq/hrt qwfqt
\ (Tirawt 1 j
q^mi* 1 q^a, qm? \xi ^7t¥ %xi xmx
*f%q ; qq qTq^ qqt qra-
vjqr^t wxmx ^ml‘ i 'wqjq tft^'iq tw qr*rq
^ * f
t^T %, qSTW T*T
| ^snar wsufqqf afw % I a<JL i
qqrcr* tw qiaq^ araq^ Tsrq* qqj t% i
qftefqqq qfit^ q?R ^qiqrr irrf^r^T mx qix?
^t^t I wfc ^q% qfq^w ^rfw^ft a^rra faqr, I
»T7T^ q qqT I rm qqKjq^ ^TT^ qi¥7, % 'fqq
qqiq^T *TKT I «l> qfa fiqiq ^fq-
qiq?t ^<?mq>T war t, qq q fqf% | qqq^
qbpsjrqft q^ ^ttt irq^ q^?r srW q^il qtt
^/f
K
A TREATISE ON GEMS,
45
Translation,
45. When Krishna came to the spot, he said to
Balardma ! “ Please stay here, while I go to have
> the life of this slave. Our horses has come upon
this unsightly spectacle here. They should not
therefore go forward.”
4 G. Baladeva accordingly remained in the car.
After having proceeded only two miles or more,
| Krishna sent his discus from a distance and cut off
I the head of the fugitive. Next he examined
Satadhanva’s body and searched his clothes for
Syamantalca, but in vain. lie returned to Baladeva
and communicated his disappoinment. “ We have
slain Satadhanva to no purpose, because that pink
| of perfection, Syamantahci was not with him.”
: At this Balardma flew into a towering rage —
i J
<F<R; ^rrfsi
I ^rtfk^ i ^tsrrfkp wm ^
<Ffkrl ktfl k'ssl ^fk® i 8 <m
\®Tk^b® 7 i , ?r® ^rl <r;^ kk^
I C3FW^Rt31 ?t3R kkrtt P
^ fk^*t kk?R i
*tcsi vst^fa kkts
w kfl erts sri ^®p aurora
frfi? *rtfkn ?rf%pp, *b®pfcF
fkrW kkrfsi, ^^®<i ki^®
«FH <Ffkrl
C\ "*■
<gy sarenrafej®* 1 ?t^t
tt^ti JJ^fTt *r w «r «*r<?y w gjfcfir:
o
rPST TpIT^Tsftsfq ^ rT^t f*fe¥*f I 8f I
jri U>3m*TTCr I *T rf# q ^
°v
7 ^ i *rret*fUf<r ^rewrarcTra 1 3jr^g ^5 t^t^7j%
cPCSIPT i
# srar ! fagrrc t* rj*r *ir
vt t '?*y% W5 ^ vrt fey ; ^nrc
«Vt yS9Kt 'itolT, ^ *X 51 TTTOT I
vfi fer wi *» fenr ^r i vnift
TOT** infr^r 5ff^, ^\x ^ TC^
wror %, 5 t irm^jt ^x^x f l
tot^I ^ twt^ qrc w? *s^r*r igyyf ? to-
rc^ epsu^V f?r^:^ify^; qpc% ^y^ry
feT I wfe tcpt vyw fe^i fey* *ixm ^xv
v vf
51 Z¥T*fiT f^J TOTOt I 8ft
st^rc^y Tmy *tto toto^I tyfife
^q^r toftc w ?T5iy» ?re x^t, ^V
^-rttiir 7^r-r ^rrrSr 1 xTtz-'x-TH fWzr *r^-*r T?s?a sr^rarrr
'O
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
47
Translation.
“ 0 fie ! Krishna,” exclaimed he, “ Your cupidity
has struck me dumb. I forgive you in this matter,
as you are my brother, but had it been any body
else, by Heaven, he would never have raised his
head more. The path lies before you, go wherever
you like. As for me, I have no further need of
Dwdrakd, no further need of such a brother as you,
no further need of friends and relatives. A truce
to your false protestations.” After having thus
vented his rage, Baladeva left the scene, notwith-
standing the reiterated attempts of Krishna to dis-
suade him ; and went to Videha.
47. The king of that place lavished costly presents
upon him and conducted him to his palace. Balardma
became domiciled there. Krishna returned to Dwdra-
kd. While Baladeva was staying under the roof
I
Wit sri i <4^ (Tft'sri
^551 Ffei
! CnsWR 'SftSTisR *Tt^ ! ^r
kTOS <2iUrTO WR 6 ! (TO
fro>
W k?TCTO I
^ wfafa ns toTO ^ ^f!wI
to i 8 ^j i
wro Rk ?f%i MW
fTOTO ctor, c*rt
TO I f : m WtTO^lffas <2teJtTO
I Wt 5 ! 5R1TO
Tr^ifaramf^^Tr i «a I
^ <r^sr*
snq^rfafo ^i^rffTfHf^^vf tt^t
^K^I^T^ri: I 8 *= I
^rqrftsfa vTOrafro^TOtraTOTO:: <r<?t
I 84. i
^5I7Tfftf% fa^pT sT^ff^T ^HWft
^fbjpfpN qfq^: ^ fgqfe ejqfffir i y^ 1
cttstri I
% ^ ^3T VcTCTTpfiT i^T 5^ff^^T
Tit fWrfT T3T I 8\3 I
f?R 3JWT *TT^ TO TO^N ^rif^ STT^-
^Vr ^T3vC TOMTOT <T^ ^Trt Vf%, %
^iaciy% ^ »rfw 5T f%3T 1 ^ rTC^T f~TOT3
*TST$ % ^f]K | 8^ I
TOW ^ *r*T*rfa$ ^5r TOT 5*%*
tlTO TO*T ^T*r I 8^ I
^cfff! ^f% %1P$t TOIT ?TTKT 5113?,
m <5*$ *?T?TT IWTOT^ qTU^ TOTR "f I
TOR Vt?rr I, % ^qre*? ^t^tt-
m*Z 5f^rT^i ^Nt^R sprqir ^q^TT ^3T
WqT^T ^T*sTT WT 1 i c I
A TREATISE ON GEMS,
Translation
of king Janaka, Duryodkana, son of Dkritara-
shtra, learnt from him the principles of mace-warfare.
48. After three years had elapsed, Babhru, Ugra-
sena and other Jadavas, visited the palace of \
the king of Yideha and creating in Baladeva
the belief that Krishna had not appropriated Syaman-
taka , prevailed upon him to return to Dw&raka.
49. Furnished with immense gold through Sya-
mantaka, Akrura spent his time in celebrating vari-
ous jajnas. *
50. A man who slays a Kshetriya or a Vais'ya j
engaged in a jajna, is guilty of killing a Brahmin, f
It was perhaps this which shielded him for no
i 8°i i
wa r#© r w 'Q
« 5 3'© (7ft *11^^ ' 5 rf*l
<4^^ frtt 5 ! ■sfTrt^l fwl *5?-
<Tft TtWR I 8b- I
c*\%
wf^&R ???r© wffrftTR i ss> i
m e s <2ft 4 i ^
^riWFft f^rfi wr
<Mt>wR1 sTif<t- • <t° i
* A general name for certain ceremonies presided over by priests,
in which oblations are presented and sometimes sacrifices made,
t According to Majju the slaying of a Brahmin is one of the five capi-
tal sins, mahdpatakasy {vide the Institutes by Sir W. Jones.)
less than sixty-two years from any hostile manifes-
tations on the part of Krishna.
i
G
50
fTORrai I
o> "
VTTWff I ll •
vrwrq^Stfffe sr^iT ^icoift^i irftt arm-
c \ \S
f^r wr^ft Yrarewra qmmpri: i y.^ i
sr^TO^oEn^TTTffeurqiT-
Wi: I ^
^fr^r^Nmrw i y^ i
cR^m i
^ ^*pr ^ Fffw -gHT^ wtf
if«^, vfimi ^ l 'll i
T* ■q^T^i gr ^ stiTto ^ qr qnfixi fm
»ft*pTO ^T7^fl% ST^sNt *IK«ml
o
q?sfiT ^T5T ^qiT Wt^RT *TTJT
*mr t y^ i
fst^t f^?r ^pgr WTTt f^ri 5TT^rr-
qqfTW wj ^fqqji ^rcrefe
tTh ^3fr I ^ ^qj-qq, ^qr^pr, ^sr^N
’sik ^qqfrn <4 %*$ 'sfa* w *sq$ qr*r I
% f%q qjT^qr ^ qq faft fqqqr , rtq qpft»
fsm qp=TT ^q*iT % I ^ I
51. During all this time, through the influence
of this gem, Dw&rakd enjoyed perfect freedom from
wars, rebellions, famines, pestilences, &c.
52. Afterwards, the bhojas of Akrura slew Sa-
trughna, the grandson of Satvata. Alarmed at
this Akrura fled from Dwarakd with them.
53. His departure was the signal for the preva-
lence of snake-bites, droughts, pestilences and
other calamities. Krishna, Baladeva, Ugrasena
and others met together and seriously addressed
themselves to the ascertaining of the causes
of the miseries which the people were groaning
under.
I
'S | ft's |
^3^71 1%^ ’tv?
I
®f® ^Tl *lft® WtWl
i n
'ctwtr® 5r7fl 's ^iwt-
fet «Ttf^f®T I ^r-
VT3 ''Q (fi^g ITO
Wl 1 *pf?rc*R I 1% WSTte
bRft^rcl ^f® crtfa?r,
'©t^l frjh’tfl Wi ^Nl I I
(
ft, ^
wvniiT rnT ^nnc^i fan
*PWOft ^ <1W $f*OTTOmiT7TT'
fas ^ ^iwr i U. g \
^TfsTCM^ fTOSSTsm^TTmt ^qrensfcfrlfT I
aw^rTngwT^ tft to i *iflrcror q^rii^ iw
I <£H. i
mfa *msfa $* fa^-sRT* I ^
*if* wWH^nnit ?w- i *tfvKt*rq m-
inarottTOsmr? ! ifm fa^crmw
q^flT I
qroi ^ ^t<t qq ^ 5 ^ sim ^ v^st
q^qqfqiqi wm, tqi, %, %
qi** OTYV fa* fsHS SOT? X’Wl, qsit
q^t, ^tr wfq% *re qf%* ifcn
WT I y ,8 I
TT^t ^lf3TTT'ST% TF5W
Ttii ^ ^i^i’ff i Ji5 I ^nc^ng% Tisrir
vjkit tww j*%$ qlwmsf fani w
toi qsiftm^it qvi v& *pjf i <iyt I
if «RT *TOfT T^ii q^qi anftil 'ft *ni*
if ^ q^^T q 3?i I T 5 imm mrw qi st^tt
arr i qqift ssstt qqf r q I q;qi qiifamqr
n»fa i\i, % gfw ! f * fqtqqii *mi
WT^t qf% Ttrft, qTTT 5 3THJ>» 'f* ^
A TREATISE ON OEMS.
53
Translation.
54. An old Jadava, Andliaka by name, said,
“ I have remarked that wherever Saphalka, the
father of Akrura, resides, the natural calamities
cannot approach.
55. “ Once the provinces of IvVisiraj were suffer-
ing terribly from drought; but no sooner Saphalka
entered the kingdom than the Thunderer* began
to send down heavy showers. A daughter was then
residing in the womb of the royal spouse.
56. She was not delivered of her burden even when
the proper time had gone by. Twelve weary years
passed in this manner. Once the king addressed his
embryonic daughter thus : “0 daughter, why are you
yet delaying to come out ? Do, I beseech you,
come out. IIow my soul longs to see your dear face 1
R%?R, <7N, Rfft RlrTO (71
(71 (TTt C ’ft "RftR RRfff
5IW * RRtRlf HV&S R<1 5f1 I 48 I
RfSfJRTfr CTOTSf ^ filfcK
RtsTl I ^«7FtT7T W
<4^ RRTR Rf?R7sfi|«T I |
<TO TO CR§ Wl
sri i <r ^t*r/ssrtH mi
ri i rwi
Rfwl Rf^TR, ! 1>1R 1% ftfa'S
*n ? Rs, Rtf^i cttrr
* Imlra, the supreme god iu the Vedic hierarchy, the Hiudu Zeus.
I
54
ir^rrn
C\ %
k ^f*r^Tf*r i *rpnr f%mffr f%T iRf%
^T TT*^! SJTTOT rtT?r ! *lt f^
5TT^"rej: tT^T^^T%ftT^^T^7mfrr
I *ww ?jan
SH^WT^ f^ f?^r Tit m^TTC. I WTfa TTHrlT
^(TfTT I rfriTOIt fa*TT ^TTf^fltfrT *TITT I ?TT^
T%*$\ WTOrRm^T
HT^IH | ^T ^ JTTf^ Tlftf^Tf TUcf«ft=f *xr§pm
Tit i ^ i rn|K
^wfTI^?ITfrrTf%: I y^ I
3^5tHf I
SfTfW %, ^[X ^fl% f^TT fiwi ^¥5ft
TTT^t TOTTH; SfiTS=fiT f W 'Tt | Tfilfar-
^T^T T*J 7*6TW 'g^X ^T >1^^
fqrTT ! ^1* ^71?: ^1^?% ^x T^t ^ cIT^W^t
*m ^r, rit ^sr% fxiTi s*^ «n^ *t ti^h
^rsVt i *&Tfw«w TT*t%ri
srfFTf^TT sTT^rw^t tttr tri Tit ^T*f tet;^ ^itt I
TXS TOT t%5T ^X^I «sr<ft?T ft^ir 5RT*IT ^cT5^ I
f^r f^T Tit ^tti tut^x ^<ry^ sri;wt,
T$ *BTTW ^to tixtt Tixf^Tft T^nrr Trxarr I far*
^TT^TT ^TfTCfS XX ~&t » TEmg ^n&
TiTf^Tit qair fsB^T i Tixf^^t»rt xrfxtf^TT
m^PU^t VJfi VM TTt ^XTT I ^tsiit
TTxf^^% TTTTfl- % I ^
^tyrw?! ^rarr ^t% I y«f I
Translation.
Why are you, again, inflicting so much hardship
upon your mother V* “ If you, dear father,” re-
plied the daughter, “ henceforth daily offer a cow
to a Brdhmin, I shall be born only after three years.”
Kdsiraj complied with this. After three years
had thus passed, the daughter saw the light.
Having regard to the unique circumstances that
preceded her birth, her father called her Gandini.*
By way of rewarding Saphalka, the king bestowed
Gandini on him. She also daily bestowed a cow on
a Brdhmin. This lady bore her husband Akrura.
Sprung from such parents, Akrura should naturally
partake of their wonderful virtues.
l
Tpfel W I ffa qftfl
W
ctl W >5t^i ^ 1%^ WBl
^ i y&z Mt?
or c^il wfo
Wtf^R I <4^*1 ftR T ^Tl
I f*R far CBI Wfcs Wl
Wfa srfsj 3tfat« i RI
irtsrpw <?r§
to BtWt wl TOjrft i <7ft> sttffafte
i2ff® faf SjtatffatCT ^ ^ CB1 fffa I tWk
ur ^ ^ ^ ^ i
* The word, through the particle *tt, alludes to the singular circum-
stance of the offering of kine.
56
wftrnrsrT t
O'.
BB qnffBT^qsfirBTJB B Bfa-
-Rrfsri i 'BBBBTfB^BBjssmmi^-
b%b ^ f<r i [
BTOBfa: BJ^Bpffa: i bb btbb qq mffsqptm*-
bw: ’BOTBi^BrefeB^fB^iBr^q^r: bbtb I
SIBSTB fBBIBTBTB ^BBB. BiTTW B<^f BTTBpBt
^swi^n^ft ^rf^rrr: ^B^t3TBBBiTf%sfB^Bw-
sm*RqiT^ bbts: i y^ i
cfosmn
qrq ^ qB Tr^rrii wt^qrq A bb ^
BB SIBB Bft, ‘bH §fB^ Bfi? TtBT J TOT^t
SlBTl ^ ^ g;B ^BB BTBT BBTfBTR 7 I ^BT BJBPCB
B^TBUTOBB^ f%BT I, fBBBT B BT
#, BBBT ’BqTTB q^BT BfBB Bf? l 'i'Q 1
«b&, bbbb bb^b ’Brf^ bt^bbw Bra^qFfr
btb tjjffc 3iwq;-^B ^iBywr qf%BT ^rq^TB
^BT BTBB BTBiTB BTB I
BBTB JTBB BiTB 'Tf ^3B ^BBTBi wW BBTBB ’BBT -
Tr%, B^t, $fw^ BfqqiT BB BB fBBKB Tt
BBT I BtBfBJT Biw BB B^.TT tWBiT ^tb4
■^oRT f%BTT BPTB BB, % ’BBIB BTf^B^% BBB
“V ^
X3W«% bVbb BB^T 3?B B’? B^r^ ’Bt^.T BHBB
BBBi BrBTC%, ^fB^ ’bH BTNT ~^X B\BT BSafT
BI^ 1 I *£*= I
A TREATISE ON GEMS
57
Translation,
57. “ What wonder, then, that natural calamities
should befall the land on which he has turned his
back ? My voice is for bringing him back. Al-
though I grant that he has committed wrong, yet
what may not he forgiven to such as he ?”
58. Agreeably to this sage advice, Kes'ava,
Ugrasena, Baladeva and other Jadavas, brought
the son of Saphalka over to Dwaraka, condoning his
past transgressions. Anon the drought, plague,
famine, snake-bites, &c. ceased to rage by virtue
of Syamantalca, which was with him. The sudden
change led Krishna to reflect : — “ Akrura’s having
sprung from the loins of Saphalka and the womb
of Gandini,” thought he, “ is no sufficient reason.
To a certainty, this extraordinary phenomenon must
owe its origin to a far more potent cause.
w <?r§ ^ *twl ’tlwt’f ^f<rai %t- j
I ^ffw 5 Silted |
^ <sfs -sh, *r*f?rt«r ^ m i
(7Pt<T, WTJFI <rtfR^ c l «Wr I
3£T^ s I ¥%Tl
y&f® *h 1 <?fei fwl < 3*rat?r
I
\8 ^t?Tl C*t«T I
^ w*fr.=r ^1 fwi
?TtteR 1 ^13F3 ^ 'Gift?!
^rftnrt^, ^ wte e \, f¥%
Q fTOfaWTS'fa I dir- I
^’rpf i
H
58
PWI
TOTTOr^ tot* * OTTOrerfrofir |
°s
^ ’sNItot: u«t^T; I ^TOfa TOnpmrt
^stw s^rron: nmm tot^to TO<ftfrr I wtqr-
\ j_
i tototot^ TO^fwftTOrftfa tot*to-
^Frtssro, TOW^TOrrsr^ngnrt'
wtyWcttJ to ^>trftitrf%iftr TcIrotTO-
^'T^r^f W ^rfro y h%y irTOTOTOfTOTTOTO-
to t* to «Mii * wn ^wr l Yl<$ t
ettyjtt i
YTO*t fTO^T YTTO Yt<TI % ^ ^TO^ qre to
\J <\
^t* 5 TO TOiter 1 1 yto t£*t y. yto inrot
to to to^t fWi 1 1 to yy$
^TOT TO, ffITOT TO YTOf TOflT TOrTT f I
YfY Y, f*TOi 3 TTT TO* TO Y>
TO I YTO TO^ f*TO *TTO VtrTT y\ TO ^fTOlW
*f* y 1 I 3 ^h?i*TO toy^ to froY
qiTO TOif^* TO* TOTTO 7 ; to ^T* TOTTTO TO
TOTOTOl TOY froi ; Ylfa TO ^iTTO TOTO y\
yt to wt? toto yt* toy toy^ fro
*if* *t% f yte I
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
59
Translation.
59. “It is odds he has got the magical Syaman-
taka with him. I have heard people attribute won-
derful properties to the gem, whereby natural cala-
mities can be removed. What, again, enabled
Akrura to celebrate jajrns* without number, if he
were not furnished with heaps of gold by Si/aman-
taka V Ilaving come to this conclusion, Krishna
brought together the whole body of the Jadavas on
some occasion. The avowed purpose of the meeting
having been accomplished, Krishna began to talk
with Akrura in a light vein. The conversation
having been brought to the intended pass, the for-
mer said : —
^1 W ^ I ^1 ^rwt'S CTfa
ci, c 5 ^ i
l IO( CWftl ^RI ^<p'i?l
fwtot ^rtn ww i
ci
^rtf^ eft r
I
d\'<
\© ^ TO Wt^Tl
* Vide ante .
^T=rqw ! strV w q^r qqi
srowqrwr *rqfr: wir qqfqq | a^q-
V ©\
^irtqqircs mm: qq>m firsrftfq fireg q4 qq qq
qmwTq’Rswq: ^r«i^^iw«f|finpri
q^wfaq - ^srq ^sr^fVrr: *xet: vtsft^wn I
fWFTTfSHV 1 ^STT ^ SrWt'#
fq^jqqfsqqFrft ^^mftfSr qnrts^qw q
^mfqfq qfqqu w«rf%^^nrwjqw««f *nrrawwm-
^t: w^rj ^qs?Mi*rfTOr* 3rqqgqi
qqfqqq t i
qOTOT I
% ^Rim ! ^raq^rrq qfr qq wip^v
wk ^prsaqs qf% Twsrr m, qt qriqq V* q^
qfqrcw rr^raT qsr<r %, qq qrrq%
qjq t, k%, ^ q*r*t qqqi qtqqtq qi*;q tS q*rc
qq^q q^: ^*rr q%* qj^q q I wWr^
■?WTT qqftq^ 1%q *rfw q^WTT ^r tt I
qNrapft TO qjq qfqjT qTO^ fTOfr
qrcq to, % qfa q> tot^ qre^t %, tw qqq %qr
w to* ws w?, ?it tmT tot^* tott qqqq’jq-
vi *
ir ^Ntst to, qft* qq tfcw# i to to* qqre
qf*, rft tot*t q qfart i , ?ji^ to qq wra
9s,
fqqT* qi* qqq toto! rorora qi*TqTO qtq,
*Rqq ! wqq-jqrq TO^t ^jq^TO qfq fq ??M I
A TREATISE ON GEMS,
Cl
Translation
60. “ O Lord of Danavas,* that Satadhanvd has
kept with you the incomparable Sycmantaka is well-
known to us. That gem is a blessing to the land ;
and we don’t grudge you the possession of it:
enough that it is with one of us. But Baladeva
suspects me of having appropriated it — in order to
disabuse him of this false notion, please show it me
once before this assembly.” In this dilemma,
Akrura thought, “ The gem is with me : now, what
shall I say ? If I deny, they will search my body,
and will surely find it out. Nor will this be a
happy circumstance for me. O Lord,” he then
said to the Great Cause of this Universe, “ Sata-
dhanva did lodge the jewel with me.
^ 3ifa?rt%*R, ^1
wffai <7 it TOm
^
<r<h,
TOt<i (Trt or ^ i
Silfw** w ^%i to
tf 4 *. ^ >
? <rf? ftstrl ^T<ri
*tfro>
*ITOr't C?fTO *ft^71 i to^ c i TO,
(7V&1 TOt<l TO? ^I^T5R^ i ^
fro ^%l wtotTto 4 !
^fTOR i *bswl
i
* Hindu ‘ Titans who warred on’ the Suras (gods.)
3TWJT I
ov
^ ^ trj
snftwatfil Ivfr^fn^W 5 ^ WrHW ^T^r*n?TT<f*r
A >
I l
■*rt wpn\ *r^r?r TarranT si i ^ i
5T l^f ^PTOTOl' TOUT*, T^FH ^Tfaw?r
*ror*iw I fra: ^rro^fo>ftfarrTf>n!re *sw-
^ si
^^^frfWT5T I ^ I
trrsrai
*r?re^i» *rc^r stP? ^T^r, m ^r-f, «jt *nc$t
^f^T ^ *rfnr WTW, ^
TOn^Vsit xr?R f^T T.W feT I TW*
5}^r w ST "S’ <TT f l V W*T -rf^rT TfaK
W Wt% f^3T I ^ I
*n% ^vt Wr qr%3r % %fw* wrcr t* *s ws-
5ctw<st ’srifr *r^*r qrc*TOft ^rfw^rV w =r
W I Wl% *E<f^ f^yan *T$ ^TT^?> f*HT *TT*T
f^efT | ^ ^ |
x$ w* '*ro to ^gprere ^iw qrr^ ^ert f^rrot
W5Tlf%TB Tt, TO3fit I ^if^Tii TO WTff
^uri'^ Ttm fefroT
*tm 1^1
Translation.
61. “ I have kept it in my possession so long, in
the hope of bestowing it on you after the death of
Satadkanva. Alas ! sir, it has been a thorn in my
side.
62. “ I did not give it to you so long, lest you
should think me incapable of bearing about a
gem of such mighty virtues.
63. “ Now accept it, sir, and bestow it on
whomsoever you please.” Having delivered him-
self thus, Akrura took out a small golden box from
his dress.
i
«itf? ^1
TO ^t<i ^*1 gm
c?> ^*1 ^r-
C*Pffi<3P«
*ltf? *ift I '&'> I
d'Cd <K*M, 'SJIF? ^P^ 3 ! (71,
TOt? ?tC®rJ? ^“1?
*ttf?RT dl, '©C? ^Ptf 3 ! Wn ^ 5 WR ^5Tl
*rf*ftti7F ^1 *R*fo ^f? i ^ i
c 7 !^ ?? <5^*1 ^rf%-
^ Wf«l I , TO r ^ TO
?f*RTl ftw *ffk*7I ?3PWI <D^t ^5
c^toi <rtf^? 4Qc«id i i
& J
64
?TW1
fr. ■*"
ftsRiwr OTnwrfir i
*ns*n% ^ wmfjfapfm xVftw^i^al
^rerfnt t: n irg- «rfw Jrww^srrerHr
sr^nt * irsT inprfwfiT l TrorfironTreTw *s§-
sn^rpn ^rr§ wfetfa i
?T?TI^r^ ^PTW ^S^WfarT: Tfrf
i ^ i
srerafflT i
sf 4rPrr ^ ^u%a qr^mriit I
sm: ^rerct^ %rirair nm* ^tt*tt^
wqnvrR ^ trtt I ^8 i
ST? TO* sftir, % WTOT* TOT* XTi^r
®v
n\ *fitr *wn#t sft, wfa <t^I ■? I ^ fro*^
fro nn I sit^ttw mt wfaiii vrihft
SisTrT ^TTT H*TO SfTTOMT TK ^*W
3i*^ ^*r, *«TO %to* toh ^ttto-
T^tT 'rfSR *RTt W5T^ sato to, ^ irfro ^
*m t, % to ^frosr to ^*rt fftft I i
Translation. \
64 And laid Syamantaka before the assembled
J&davas. The gem sent a gleam far into the
bosom of the apartment.
65. “ Listen, princes,” said Akrura, u this is the l
gem which Satadhanva lodged with me. Let him
who is its rightful owner claim it.” The Jadavas
. . . i
were struck with surprise at the sight, and were
lavish in their praises. Baladeva secretly pined for
possessing it, and thought within himself, “ Krishna
promised formerly that this gem should be our
common property.”
W I (7\\ *lR fimM
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<Ffet^ (71, <4^ RtRtfwR
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A TREATISE ON GEMS.
67
Translation.
G6. Satyabhamd thought that since Syaman-
talca was the property of her father, it should now
be hers. Seeing the countenances of Baladeva and
Satyabhama, Krishna became embarrassed.
G7. Then addressing Akriira, he said, “You
must know, Sir, that I have shown this gem, only
to remove the stain which had attached itself to
my reputation. Formerly I promised that it should
be the joint property of Baladeva and myself. But,
it is Satyabhdmd’s paternal possession, and now
ought to be hers. None else should covet it.
68. “When a man who is clean and who is engaged
in Brahmacliarjya,* wears it, it conduces to his
good ; but it is destructive to an unclean person.
i
w*f
?F%I CWt*b CW fer
, «rtf^r c^b ^ ^rw<r x s
1%^
f*\y «r,
c^[Y» wl fk:<$ ^ i w i
*rR 'e ^rl 5ft? 6 ! '4%,^
^5fWSR4> ^1, fw
^t?«i i ^ i
*Tke condition of a young Brahmin or student iu the first period of his
life, involving much rigorous prayer and fasting. Vide The Commentaries .
08
HfiSRpstT 1
*T^ I
*
^<7: irm *r**rof
VTTW I I
*rawT*r I ^rr^srir qRv^wTfa
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*TS*Wtwf Wlftsi ^STT V rTT
VTcfog* wl: |
cT^T^IRTI^^TTfafa^frg <r^UiT I
<^gj5q?rr ^ srmsifwTsr^r gmfn: (fifiznrr i
^ J 4 '<:
?TOWT [ ;
^TWiT* f^n^ «7r^% VHTW Sfinwifi K TtJg
5?* I % vx\ qfar ^T^fT* ^Pt 1 ^<« I
wrs% i ^
%3TTT*Urfa%TO *r§rwV*T ^TCW | ^K
T^r irftr ^ttw *BTnr%wm ^rm^r ^Tfg
XW r^ITT ^TTR^t ^T*rw ^tir ? % girlT ^TWiT !
fWNrf *r rT^f^^r 5Kyrr I
stp^jw, ^rf^, ^(®r»rTWT *r ^rwlr*r t, %
*r^$Hrr^T ^ ^prsTt^s »Tfnr yfT^w |
3T? ^Tq% tTTST r?^% TT^T ^5T TtTTT I
T* 3iTCW ^N WXW ^ | %STT^T *4\x
^t?t ^t^t ?T wr t qfararf ^ ^~
%X ^7T ^ri^T I ?I^r
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^¥ 3s%3tt; *r? »rfw ^rm t f^rer I
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
Translation.
69. “ IIow then can I wear it, considering that
I have no less than sixteen thousand queens ?
70. “How again can Satyahhamd use it ? Shall she
engage in Brahmacharjya for the sake of the jewel ?
Shall the respected Baladeva renounce the convival
cup and other pleasures in order that he could
grace his person with Syamantalca ? 0 Lord of
Danavas, no use of my endeavours. Here are those
Jadavas, here is Baladeva, here is Satyabliama,
and here am I. We all beseech you, do you
wear the gem for the good of this kingdom.
“ Pray, do not disregard this advice.” “ Be it so”
l
^ ^rfsrfa i ^ i
ri 1% ^ *rR e i
f% ? <*r°s
^srKRtfrf
? *rft-
i to ?n,
wtr^fnr ^TTtt c R 'srt
RtTTSflRj 3J5?q^ i
<tr«i <p^, <^Q(.<id =d i ^ ^
qfror '©^ftes ^frorl (?rt i
s
q*wi
c\ ^
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) 6 C\
TtwqT T^tl^TT ^
^TT I \go I
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^Tf^^irfq fqqxTfqqf%qqfq ^3Ti^?r%q-
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4k 4qq qq ^T V qq qjqq ^ 'ftqjq
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> <
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A TREATISE ON GEMS.
71
Translation.
said Akritra, who continued to wear Syamantaka, and
ranged Dwarakti like a second sun. 1 ’
71. When a man remembers the false accusa-
tion of Krishna mentioned above, he can bear with
equanimity lesser false charges against him, and
is finally absolved from all sin.
TO ^TtfTOR I I
CT llftW TOrtTOt*R-
’SUFI TO, TOtW
<t-(TO ^T=Tl, w^f
<w 9 ft%cTO c 7 ! ^i% *rcijrfa < tRt
eW» TO I ^ I
^r^pT i
cRt Q rt R«r*tfc *rR*1
^1% srcpswt’tHjfa i
72
5T3TT^Tf% 1
*TT3ifT ^^r€fff TOT*»T II
trcwnr l
fta, nrfefi, ^fini, fllfa, iffr, mgr,
iftem gr iftm 4 ! ^R^iT w&i 1 1
Translation.
The Diamond, Kuby, Catseye, Pearl, Zircon,
Coral, Emerald, Topaz and Sapphire are called the
nine precious gems.
'SRCtfTf I
ftw, c^fj ®T?frs. w-i, c^rTf,
f^R ^ffc mft, *tw, wt\^
mi ^ ^ ns
i °r i
fJpjglllE taste for gems and precious stones can
Mil be traced to the most remote ages, and though
it is now a hopeless task to point out the country
where they were first discovered, or the nations by
whom they were first worn, there are many circum-
stances which materially help us in concluding that
India was their birth-place. For every luxury and
comfort that man enjoys, for everything rare and
beautiful in nature, for every delight that charms his
senses and gratifies his vanity, for perfection in
plants, flowers, perfumes, animals, birds, insects,
music,* gems, pearls, &c., we are indebted to the
East.
Mention is made of gems and jewels in the earli-
est writings of the Hindus. The Vedas speak of a
place illuminated by rubies and diamonds which
gave out a light as refulgent as that of the planets.
Precious stones play a prominent part in the mytho-
logies of the Hindus ; in their traditions, poems
and legends. In the two great epics of Hindustan,
the Rdmdyana and the Mahdbhdrata , frequent
* The country which affords us the most ancient memorials of a
perfect language, of an advanced civilization, of a philosophy where
all directions of human thought find their expression, of a poesy im-
mensely rich in every style, and of a musical art corresponding with
the lively sensibility of the people, — India appears to have given birth
to bow- instruments, and to have made them known to other parts of
Asia, and afterwards to Europe. — F. Fetis.
There is nothing in the West which has not come from the East. —
F. J. Fetis.
■ G-'
c>
GENERAL REMARKS.
— ,
| mention is made of stones and pearls with which
the kings and the people of the period used to
decorate their persons. Amongst the other ancient
nations of the East, the Persians had a great taste
for gems. The Phoenicians are known to have
brought from the East procious stones and jewels
to Egypt and Greece. The Egyptians are noted to
have been very fond of them. The belles of
ancient Egypt used to adorn their brows with dia-
dems of Pearls, aud their throats with necklaces
of four rows of precious stones. The fingers of
the men were loaded with rings. Eive or six cen-
turies before Christ, the Grecian kings and rulers
of the neighbouring countries used ornamental and
signet rings made with cut stones. Onoinacritus,
a priest and founder of Hellenic mysteries, is said
to have treated of precious stones and their super-
natural powers (500 B. C.). Heredotus mentions,
(besides the Emerald in Polycrates’ ring,) signet
rings such as that of Darius, and also speaks of
the so-called Emerald column in the temple of
Hercules in Tyre, which emitted a splendid light
at night. Plato makes mention *of the Sard, Jasper
and Emerald. Aristotle had a better knowledge of
stones than those authors that preceded him. His
scholar, Theophrastus, has left a work on the sub-
' ject. Alexander the Great had his breast-plate set
with stones, and his mantle embroidered with gold
and gems. When the Romans conquered Egypt
and Greece, they took away, as the spoils of their
©
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
::X
/ o *%!
successful invasions, all tlie luxuries of the subju-
gated countries, and thus imbibed, among others,
a taste for gems and stones. Caesar and Cleopatra
are said to have met in a hall of tortoise-shell,
studded with Emeralds and Topaz. Caligula adorn-
ed his horse with a collar of Pearls ; the shoes of
Heliogabalus were studded with gems, and the
statues of the gods had eyes of precious stones, — a
custom borrowed evidently from the East. Even
now, the horses of the Oriental Princes are brought
out, on festive processions, studded all over with
Pearls and other gems. In the time of the Ptole-
mies, jewels were used in profusion for ornamenting
arms, drinking cups, and even the altars of the gods,
and were also set in the frames in which the sacred
pictures were put. Constantine is said to have
entered Pome in a chariot of gold, adorned with
dazzling gems, and in his time the Royal Crown
was first set about with precious stones. This
custom still prevails throughout the civilized world.
Pliny and Strabo make prominent mention of gems
and jewels in their works. The Bible gives des-
criptions of various kinds of stones known to the
Hebrews. The twelve stones which were in the
breast-plate of the High Priest were — the Sard, the
Topaz, the Carbuncle (or Ruby), the Emerald, the
Sapphire, the Diamond, the Ligure, the Agate,
the Amethyst, the Beryl, the Onyx and the Jasper.
The twelve Apostles were also represented by
gems, called the Apostle stones : —
GENERAL REMARKS.
1. — The hard and solid Jasper, representing the
Peter.
2. — The bright-blue Sapphire was emblematic of
the heavenly faith of Andrew.
4. — -The white Chalcedony, of the loving James.
5. -— The friendly Sardonyx, of Philip,
G. — The red Cornelian, of the martyr, Bartho-
lomew.
8. — The indefinite Beryl, of the doubting Thomas.
9. — The Topaz, of the delicate James the younger.
10.— The Chrysophrase, of tlie serene and trustful
Thaddeus.
11. — The Amethyst, of Matheio the Apostle.
12. — The pink Hyacinth of the sweet-tempered
Simeon, of Cana.
Sidorus, the liishop of Seville, is said to have
written a work on stones (630 A.C.) The number
time was wonderful ; they were said to have the
power of conferring health, wealth, beauty, honor,
good fortune, and influence. Men and women used
to carry them about their persons and called them
amulets. These were also thought to have some
connection with the stars and seasons. A parti-
cular stone was supposed to be sacred to each
month. The following are what were known as
the Zodiac stones
rock of the Church, was the emblem of
, — The Emerald, of the pure and gentle John.
7. — The Chrysolite, pure as sunlight, of Mathias.
of properties attributed to precious stones at this
©
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
January
... Jacinth (Hyacinth), or Garnet.
February
... Amethyst.
March
... Bloodstone, or Jasper.
April
... Sapphire.
May
Agate.
June
... Emerald,
July
... Onyx.
August
... Cornelian.
September
... Chrysolite.
October
... Aquamarine, or Beryl.
November
... Topaz.
December
... Ruby.
Supernatural
influences have been attributed to
particular stones, which are still believed in by the
superstitious. The Ruby is known to be a so-
vereign remedy for pestilence and poison ; it also
drives away evil spirits and bad dreams. The
Jacinth, if worn on the finger, procures sleep, and
brings riches, honor, and wisdom. The Amethyst
dispels drunkenness and sharpens the wit. The
Balas Ituby restrains passion and fiery wrath, and
is a preservative from lightning. The Emerald
discovers false witnesses by suffering alteration
when it comes in contact with such persons ; the
Sapphire procures royal favor, and frees men from
enchantment. The Chrysolite was said to cool
boiling water, and soften wrath, and if placed in
moved. Opinions, of course, differ as to these
attributes, according to the fancy of the writers.
f* 78
GENERAL REMARKS.
The superstitions attached to these stones were not
confined to the ancients only. The Empress Eu-
genie of France, it is said, would not wear a preci-
ous Opal, because it was known to have brought
ill-luck to the wearer. But our Most Gracious
Majesty the Queen Victoria, Empress of India,
having no superstition on the point, has presented
each of her daughters, on their marriage, with a
parurc of Opals and Diamonds.
It has now become a fashion to have finger-
rings set with certain stones, so arranged that the
initials of their names would give a desired name.
The following alphabetical list of precious and
half-precious stones will be of great use in form-
ing the names : —
Transparent .
Opaque.
A
Amethyst ...
Agate.
B
Beryl
. . Basalt.
0
... ChrysoberyL .
... Cacholong,
D
, . Diamond
... Diaspore.
E
... Emerald
. . Egyptian pebble.
F
... Felspar
, . Fire-stone.
G
... Garnet
. . , Granite.
H
... Hyacinth
... Heliotrope.
I
... Idocrase
• i » •• . *
J
... Ml .. * > .
... Jasper.
K
Kyanite
Krokidolifce.
L
... Lynx-Sapphire
Lapis-Lazuli.
M
... Milk-Opal ...
^ Malachite.
IS
.. Natrolite
... Nephrite.
0
Opal
. . Onyx.
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
79
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
w
X
Y
Z
Transparent.
Pyrope
Quartz
Ruby
Sapphire
Topaz
Uranite
Visuvianite...
Water-Sapphire
Xanthite
Zircon
Opaque.
Porphyry.
Quartz Agate.
Rose Quartz.
Sardonyx.
Turquoise.
Ultra-marine.
Verd-autique.
Wood-Opal.
Xylotile.
Zurlite.
Thus, the name “ Charles” may be represented
by Chrysoberyl, Hyacinth, Amethyst, Ruby, Lapis-
Lazuli, Emerald and Sapphire. The Prince of
Wales, on his marriage with the Princess Alex-
andra, gave her a ring which represented his own
name “ Bertie.” It was set with stones in the
following order — Beryl, Emerald, Ruby, Turquoise,
Jacinth and Emerald.
The following account of precious stones, as sup-
posed to be found on reptiles and animals, is taken
from “All the Year Round” of the 1st June,
1878 : —
“ Among the Arabians, serpents were supposed
to possess precious stones of inestimable virtue.
This belief was current through many ages.
Mathew Paris relates the story of a miserly Vene-
tian, named Vitalis, who was rescued from a terri-
ble death — having fallen into a pit in which were
a lion and a serpent — by a wood-cutter, to whom he
80
GENERAL REMARKS.
promised half his property for this deliverance.
The lion and the serpent, who take advantage of
the ladder by which Vital is is brought to the
surface, also testify their gratitude to the wood-
cutter, by crouching at his feet. While the poor
man is having his humble repast in his little liut,
the lion enters with a dead goat as a present. The
serpent also enters, bringing in his mouth a
precious stone, which he lays in the country-man’s
plate. He next goes to Venice, and finds Vitalis
in his palace, feasting with liis neighbours in joy
for his deliverance. On being reminded of his
promise, the rich man denies having seen the wood-
cutter, and orders his servants to cast him into
prison ; but before tills could be effected, the rustic
escapes and tells his story to the judges of the city.
At first they are incredulous ; but on showing the
jewel, and proving further the truth, by conduct-
ing them to the dens of the lion and the serpent,
where the animals again fawn on their benefactor,
AGtalis is compelled to perform his promise. This
story, adds Mathew Paris, was told by King
Richard, to expose the conduct of ungrateful men.
“ In Timberlake’s discourse of the Travels of two
English Pilgrims to Jerusalem, Gaza, &c., (1611),
we find an account of a great jewel which was
taken from a serpent’s head, and used in conjuring.
In Alphonso’s Clericalis Disciplina, a serpent is
mentioned with eyes of real Jacinth. In the ro-
mantic history of Alexander, he is said to have
^4
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
found serpents in the Vale of Jordan with collars
of huge Emeralds growing on their hacks. Milton
gives his serpent eyes of Carbuncle. A marvellous
stone was said to be found in the serpent’s brain,
but in order to secure its lustre and potent influ-
ences, it was to be extracted from the livin
animal .
" The Draconius, described by Albertus Magnus
as of a black-color and pyramidical form, was also
taken out of the heads of dragons, while they lay
panting. To the snake-stone a popular supersti-
tion is still attached in the East. In the narrative
of a voyage in Her Majesty’s ship Samarang,
Captain Sir Edward Belcher says : — fC At my last
interview with the Sultan of Guning Taboor, he
conveyed into my hand — suddenly closing it with
great mystery — what they term here as the snake-
stone. This is a polished globe of Quartz, about
the size of a musket-ball, which he described as
of infinite value, an heir-loom, and reported to
have been extorted from the head of an enchanted
snake.” Allusions to serpent-stone are frequent in
the early writers. We read in the Gesta Rorna-
norum that the Emperor Theodosius the Blind
ordained that the cause of any injured person
should be heard on his ringing a bell, which was
placed in a public part of his palace. A serpent
had a nest near the spot where the bell-rope hung.
In the absence of the serpent, a toad took posses-
sion of her nest ; the serpent, twisting itself round
82
GENERAL REMARKS.
the rope, rang the bell for justice, and at the Empe-
ror’s special command the toad was killed. A few
days afterwards, as the Emperor was reposing on
his couch, the serpent entered the chamber, bearing
a precious stone in its mouth, and, crawling up
to the Emperor’s face, laid it on his eyes, and glid-
ed out of the apartment ; the monarch was imme-
diately restored to sight.
“ Apropos of the burglarious toad, the philoso-
phers taught that though ugly and venomous, “ it
wears yet a precious jewel in its head.” Lupton,
in his Book of Notable Things, instructs his reader
how to procure it ; “ you shall know whether the
tode-stone be the ryghte or perfect stone, or not.
Hold the stone before a tode, so that he may see
it, and if it be a ryghte and true stone, the tode
will leap towarde it, and make as though he would
snatch it. He envieth so much that none should
have that stone.'’ If swallowed, it was a certain
antidote against poison ; and it was usual to take
it as a precautionary pill — rather a hard one —
before eating.
“ In the Philosophical Transactions, voL vi.,
p. 21, we find that the toad-stone was supposed, in
the Highlands, to prevent the burning of houses
and the sinking of boats, and if the Commander in
the field had one about him, he w.ould either be
sure to win the day, or all his men would die on
the spot !
A TREATISE OS OEMS,
83
fc
“ The bezoar was a stone procured from the cervi-
cebra, a wild animal of Arabia, and was supposed
to have been formed of the poison of serpents
which had bitten the creature, combined with the
counteracting matter with which Nature had fur-
nished it. There was a belief in the Middle Ages
that the bezoar was a potent charm against the
plague and poison.
****** |
“ The wonderful effects of stones found in various
animals are too numerous to mention. The brain
of a tortoise contained one that had the effect of
a fire-annihilator in extinguishing flames ; more-
over, whoever did at a proper time — having first
washed his mouth— carry it under his tongue,
felt a divine inspiration to foretell future
events. Birds were particularly distinguished
for the possession of talismanie stones. The
by fen a was very properly hunted ; not, however,
for its ferocious propensities, but for a precious
stone in one of its eyes, full of mystic virtues.
One of the most curious superstitions, and one
which has been a favorite tbeme with writers of all
ages, is connected with the Carbuncle, or Ruby.
Julian has a singular story on this subject, how a
certain widow, Hereulia, had tended a young stork
which had broken its leg, and how the grateful
bird, returning from its annual migration, dropped
into her lap a precious stone, which on her awaking
f k 84
GENERAL REMARKS.
at night, lighted up her chamber like a blazing
torch.
“ The fabulous animal called the carlmnculo, said
presented to be about the size of a fox,* with long
black hair, and is only visible at night, when it
slinks slowly through the thickets. If followed, it
is said to open a flap, or valve, in the forehead,
issues. The natives believe that the light proceeds
from a precious stone, and that any person who
the darkness.”
The following lines from the journal of Sir
messenger between Ivan the Terrible of Pais si a
1 and Queen Elizabeth, sufficiently prove the supers-
titions that existed with respect to precious stones
| at that period (15 84-).
“ The old emperor was carried every day in his
chair to the treasury. One day he beckoned me to
follow. I stood venturously and heard him call
for some precious stones and jewels. He told the
princes and nobles present before and about him
the virtue of such and such, which I observed, and
# A variety of the fox known as the oolka-mookhee (Sane. Dwfpta-
jeeva) exists in Bengal, from the mouth of which a bluish light is
known to issue. This is called by the ignorant natives, the ** will-o'-the-
map.”
to have been seen in some parts of Peru, is re-
from which an extraordinary and brilliant light
may venture to grasp at it rashly is blinded : then
the flap is let down, and the animal disappears in
Jerome Horsay, who was employed as a special
do pray I may a little digress to declare for my
fe.
memory’s sake : ‘ the loadstone, you all know, hath
great and hidden virtue, without which the seas
that encompass the world are not navigable, nor j
the bounds nor circles of the earth cannot be i
known. Mahomet, the Persian’s Prophet, his tomb
of steel bangs on their Ttapetta at Dorbent most
miraculously.’ He caused tile waiter's to bring a S
chair of needles touched by this loadstone, and j
hanged all one by the other. ‘ This fair coral and
this fair tureas, you see. Take it in your hand. Of 5
his nature and orient colors put them on my hand
and arm. I am poisoned with disease. You see
they show their virtue by the change of their pure
colour into pale — declares my death. Reach out
my staff royal, an unicorn’s horn, garnished with
very fair diamonds, rubies, sapphires, emeralds,
and other precious stones that are rich in value —
cost seventy thousand marks sterling of David
Gower from the fowlkers of Ausborghe. Seek out j
for some spiders.’ He caused his physician,
Johannes Lloff, to scrape a circle thereof on the j
table, put within it one spider, and so one other
that died, and some other alive, then run apace
I from it. 1 It is too late, it will not preserve me. ;
Dehold these precious stones, the diamond is the
orient’s richest and most precious of all others. I
never affected it. It restrains fury and luxury,
gives abstinence and chastity. The least parcel of
it in powder will poison a horse, given in drink,
much more a man.’ Points at the ruby, ‘ ah, this
S 6
GENERAL REMARKS.
is most comfortable to the heart, brain, vigour, and
memory of man, clarifies congealed and corrupt
blood.’ Then at the emerald : ( The nature of the
rainbow; this precious stone is an enemy to un-
clcanness. The sapphire I greatly delight in ; it
preserves and increaseth courage, joys the heart,
pleasing to all the vital senses, precious and very
away blood-shot, and strengthens the muscles and
sinews thereof.’ Then takes the onyx in hand.
‘ All these are God’s wonderful gifts, secrets in
nature and yet reveals them to man’s use and
contemplation as friends to grace and virtue, and
enemies to vice. I faint, carry me away till an-
other time.’ ” }
The following lines about the supernatural pro-
perties attributed to precious stones are also taken
from “ All the Year Hound” of the same date : —
“ Innumerable were the effects produced by certain
precious stones ; among others the Heliotrope bad
special virtues. It was called by necromancers
the “ Babylonian gem,” and if rubbed over into the
juice of the herb of its own name, it rendered the
wearer invisible. In the Middle Ages, the Helio-
trope which contained many red spots, were highly
valued from a belief that the blood of Christ was
its name implies, venerated from its supposed lunar
attractions. It is one of the prettiest, though most
common of precious stones in Ceylon. Pliny des-
cribes it as containing an image of the moon.
sovereign for the eyes, cheers the sight, takes
diffused through the stone. The Moonstone was, as
(p
A TREATISE ON GEMS. 87
“ which, if the story be true,” he observes, “ daily
waxes, or wanes, according to the state of that
luminary.” Chalcedony hung about the neck, dis-
persed sadness, and if a person carried one perfor-
ated with the hazrs of an ass run through it, he
would overcome all disasters. Crystal dispelled
witch-craft. The Chrysophrasus gladdened the heart,
the Chrysolite expelled phantoms, and what was
more servicable rid people of their follies. The
Ouyx, in tlie Middle Ages, was believed to pre-
vent ugly dreams by night, and law-suits by day.
The Jasper was a charmer of scorpions and spiders,
and was worn as a talisman by the Roman athlete.
Burton, in the Anatomy of Melancholy, tells us
that, “ if hung about the neck, or taken in drink,
it much resisteth sorrow and recreates the heart.”
The same qualities were attributed to the Hya-
cinth and Topaz. The Crystal has been tlie most
popular of all oracular stones ; a favorite stone
was the Beryl, “ which,” says Aubrey in Ms Miscel-
lanies, “ is a kind of Crystal that has a weak tinc-
ture of red ; in this magicians see visions.” The
custom was to consecrate, or “ charge” them, as
the modem term is, for which purpose set forms
were used, which are described in Reginald Scotts’
Discovery of Witch-crafts. The famous Crystal of
that prince of quackery, Dr, Dee, is preserved in
the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford.
“ The properties of the Ruby were endless ;
bruised in water it was a panacea for all com-
88
GENERAL REMARKS,
plaints ; it had the peculiarity, wherever worn, of
discovering its presence by its lustre, which would
shine through the thickest clothes. Powdered A-
gate was an infallible remedy for '* all the ills that
life is heir to.” Pliny quotes the Magii, as teach-
ing in Persia that storms could be averted by burn-
ing Agates. The Amethyst would prove a boon to
modem tipplers, if, as the ancients asserted, it pre-
vented intoxication. The Sapphire and the Eme-
rald strengthened the sight, a property said to have
been also possessed by the Turquoise ; but it could
confer a still more wonderful gift on its wearer ;
“ whoever,” says Van Helmont, “ wears a Tur-
quoise, so that it, or its gold setting, touches the
skin, may fall from any h eight and the stone at-
tracts to itself the whole force of the blow, so that
it cracks and the person is safe.” The Romans
regarded the Diamond with superstitious reverence
and Pliny tells us that it baffles poison, keeps off
insanity, and dispels vain fears.”
According to ancient authorities, all composite
substances consist of the four elements — fire, air,
earth and water : the difference between gems and
common pebbles being caused by the predominance
of water in the former, and of earth in the latter.
The water condensed and congealed by the dryness
of the earthy particles was supposed to give to pre-
cious stones their brilliance and transparency. Aris-
totle asserted that the first cause of stones was
viscous mud, a sap that shrinks and is congealed by
A TREATISE ON GEMS,
cold, in which water predominates over earth : to
these he adds stony fragments and particles of stone,
and another special sap, which he calls lapidific
sap, Theophrastus taught that “ stones were
made of pure, equal and compact substance, after
its perlocation, the which substance, being in
certain places become petrified by flowing, or in
some other manner.” Avecenna only says mud or
foul, stagnant water composes stones. Dalopius
thinks stones to be the produce of a very pure juice.
Cardan says that “ they are engendered between
the rocks by means of a sap, which is distilled
through their concavity even as the babe in the ma-
ternal blood.” This last assertion gave rise to a
new theory, the object of which was to establish
that the engendering of precious stones was not to
he attributed to the same causes as that of inert
nature, but that it proceeded from causes absolute-
ly similar to those of animated living being. Bcetius
do Boot, a physician of the 17th century, attributes
the formation of the stones to the almost direct
intervention of the Deity.
The precious stones and pearls are mostly obtain-
ed from Ceylon, India, Brazil, Australia, California,
Siberia and South Africa.
In the widest interpretation of the term, a gem
or a precious stone is nothing but a mineral — hard,
of a beautiful color, or absolutely colorless ; usu-
ally transparent, of great rarity and value. Miner-
als possessed of these properties have been general-
ly divided into two classes — (1) jewels or gems, per-
fectly pure; (2) half-pure precious stones, color-
ed or tinted. The first class includes in its province
those rare minerals which are distinguished by co-
lors at once bright and dazzling, soft and tender ;
also by transparency, high lustre, great density and
capability of polish. The so-called precious stones
which have these characteristics, hut in a much less
degree, come under the category of the 2nd class.
i
nfawrar i
I
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tww^jfalf H ^W^Tf^wknat: i
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9r3HRT I
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TT^^TC xff?^ ^RzRT f*N? fem «TI<TT t I ^ I
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*tra ( ^Ti^r ), <rW ( xw'?^ f^rrsmi Tmnfr
#£§|? ^IK W^«TTH, %fk Kf^sfbn:
^TOT? wt* ), *fiiw (^Tfog, ^f^i% *st-
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Tfr^r^ ^*n ^tto ?fk»
3(
( ^r{% ^^fff *?k kraj =r^i srer^ai ),
?:% wrifv m* *? I'ss i
A TREATISE ON GEMS. 91
THE DIAMOND,
Translation.
73. The Gods have considered the diamond as
the best of gems. I shall accordingly describe it
first.
74, The diamond is produced in the following
eight places : —
Haima,* Mdtanga.f Saurdshtra4 Paunda,§ Ka-
linga,j| Kosala,^f Venwa,** or the shores of the
Vena- Gan ga, and Saubira.+t
\
orcwfoi 1 to *r#?r5-
#r?n wi <2^^
VtdCP'S <PTl M 'S I
=iffa 'aiWi «tpf»r),
c^it| (^rfe), c^Va <w*a?,
%$$$, <J^Hr 'Q ’Sft ),
efcH), c^pfvf
(^tTOi ), ct^i t! c^i^tsr
c^itvfaffa write ), <?ftfte (^etr^T
's ffi^TOrwfet' <40Pf), fte^
M8 i
* The country of the Himalayas,
f The lands adjacent to the shores of the river Pamp£ near the
XIrishyamutha mountains in the Deccan.
% Surat.
§ Rungpore, Binagepore* Rajshahye, Beerbhoom, Moorahedabad,
Rurdwan ? Mid nap ore, &c.
j] The provinces between Orissa and Drivira*
IT The modern Ajodhyd,
** A tributary of the River Godavari in the Maharatta country,
ft The tract lying between the Satadru and the Indus.
^srxm^T ftr*rt^T; irf*fa*rx ^*rx;
iww^sni^rraxsri^' *Vjz^x: i
^T f^^i: *CT»SH*T*Ptf^Ti *bYto:
sm* i: mnrftq ^ 1 •iTwwrc'fawx: u 11
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^^grq-^Tr ^^rtfat: i! \g$ n
j ^TTSTUT I
f%^T^ v%sr» 'sraffT frirrero
WT^rf^r ^"T ^ttX TTfTX #; TfW ftT^T
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#; ^ ^^JTX ^
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WT TtfTT ^ ; ^*n?X W qfan Vt«U t; qW 3f%31-
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I ; qfk wxw qfr vkx ^r Tt?xx I, z^t
vw TT^JiT ftrTT f | ^ |
WSt-frsrii fXTH q%?T q^W #, i Z^\
«rqr. vraro ?r«r qftc qx*r its *r?TWt qnro
fqirq 'f 1 t
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
Translation.
75. The diamonds of the Himalayas are slightly
copper-colored, those found on the shores of the
Venwa are lustrous like the moon, those of Saubira
resemble in hue the white lotus or the silvery cloud,
those of Surat are copper-colored, those of Kalinga
dart golden rays, those of Kosala are yellow, those
of Paunda, sable, and those of Matanga, yellowish.
76. According to persons versed in the know-
ledge of jewels, diamonds vary in the preponder-
ance of one or other of the five primal elements —
earth, water, the sky, energy and the air.
^ =rrt5f
lifter cmff, c?tet|
efcffc'i ^Tirpf, c^Hpt
<r<,
6s
ireTnw viM 'Tift# l
ftq**' ^ *pr *TT ^^r; R \9\s It
f^r^r^f «fh^Tij* IVr 3^=^ i
ti^r«mT<H^ in^nft v^w i
«TET n ^ R
**rqi qfa qfws^j f^n^TT;wT<T i
^tfaqqsmr^ vttwtw I \s« |
(TrWJTT I
f«w 'ftrir ^fNiT Vir t\ ar? ^tq ttt£T
"wfar ^ i shr ogr^T ^ , g*? ^■•r,
^T^T, ^rafff ^5T, ^ -ftrlT
# I 'a'a I
^T^iTinq ^sbtr qftnfi ^q faiafsr,
axf^r ffWni TtfiT ^ ; f^i^rir wspst Wir ^rf^q>
are qs^ur Ttcfi ^ Rre?r ^T^r
«*TT^T %> ^ ^TT fWflj fft^TTI ^q=fq
■*fal ^ 1 ^ I
f^rtr Ts^r^r tot ^rfVsR §,, iwt wt ^nqir
*»q are q^T t
*re Vki mm (jfrr, ajqt, w ^tV
aftRr *rnr YtF i 'at i
A TREATISE OK GEMS.
95
Translation.
77. The diamonds in which earthy matter forms
the base are thick, while those in which water
preponderates are dense, smooth, cool and transpa-
rent.
78. Diamonds mainly composed of the sky, are
exceedingly flawless, clean, and sharp-ridged ;
those having for their "base, energy, are almost
always blood-red ; and those preponderated by the
air are exceedingly light, sharp-pointed and rough,
79. The wearing of earthy diamonds leads to
universal dominion ; and the watery kind brings
contentment, riches, fame and renown.
l
0\ TO ftTO (7ft
to ftw to amtatwnr
'fWst
^ohFtaf 'e ^1^1
•ttfifTMeW* frwTOi: c i
^ Rfafap ^r, wr,
*T*t 'S #fii «rt« ^ii^i
ttmm
gX^Kf fsp-rrcWTrl |
xmi t^xx^r fsnmwrai
!im; ^t^^wTwwTi^r fgvx^xxn n
trgJfitwTg 5 ?"? ff^TT I
»$W qxfwx ^ ^^^T^Tfs?TWW |
*T
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cTT5WT I
f^ ^ax t, w ^X]
gf%, x-fkrk fgg ^ ; faj*
^x^xwr ^ar <3*r ^t^&V
^wfk WT»T vV ; fsTO ’tk*T W^^fX ^far
"i s
^rfV^X t, TkT TJTCW qs^*% •grTR, gk<g, ^k
swi* ■?% ^V t Ko i
aft TkT J5?^j gx^sr, ^sk 'Sf^xi
^^x^t ^gw Tt<xx ^k w*ftw ^mx ^X^>T-
ifkplT* vfax "W ; ^k ^t^w
*^xar 7 xm *t ; w , §kr ^fxx ^fr*x t" l l
ingw *k xft^riT 'ski tjt^w **kx
1
fa* ^k *pqp* faim SfXrrqsT fa* *g *krr ** 1=^1
Nl
A TREATISE ON OEMS.
97
f
Translation.
80. The airy sort give heart and gracefulness ;
and tile skyey diamonds bring about the possession
of all kinds of wealth. The use of energy-prepon-
derated diamonds adds to puissance) heroism and
hope.
81. Those diamonds that are white like hailstones,
the Kunda flower,* white clouds or the moon, pos-
sessed of six or eight corners and sharp-ridged,
that have originated from water, and that shine
even in darkness, are the acme of excellency.
82. The wearing of a genuine and sharp dia-
mond leads to instant cure from snake-bite, and
proves efficacious in neutralizing the effects of
other poisons.
srCTi ; ^
i O'fHr, 's
I i
i i
^tcsrNr to, ^
Wsf *twl fitter f iki
* Jasaminum Mul tiff arum or Pubescens,
stjT fkx$ 4 I
J H )
ri^i vrwjtrt «st ^4^r: qsrmfa II *k n
?nT tir ^ fwtsfa q: qfa: i
^rn *iRreW3j: * ifr II tsg I!
sf?*nft ftoranm ii 11
< *
j \
<r 3 tot i
| /
TtTT *$\Z W% *WT?T qqTT3nTT«T» ^ ^(Z j
I ®\ >
^*Ti ^T^r ?Phwr* mro ^rrcrr
^ Tt^T wm *rfc q%*5% faupft
«® ▼ l ^ i j
■sft ’#kT *R*T W^r, 1KX fW, IfK* ¥rl ^N: *R*
?RR qrqt f^3T «TTq> ^ W*rq
*Rf* ^ , rt sfrc, q'qT 'ft^T t;q?rt^t $4* ^ I ^8 i
^»-5I7H?lwf^q N qq5K% str^T, tsq, 'qfa
^ qv\ ’qR ql # ; q^R ^TRvft qi^R,
^rf%, ^ *rrt ^r q<l I, qqq^qw*R qR%
^^q«T f%wr n' i ^ l
Translation.
83. A diamond which is refulgent like myriads
of suns, while deliciously cool as numberless moons,
which illumines even palpable darkness, is excel-
lent, and proves a panacea as soon as worn.
84. The diamond which, on being thrown into
hot water, milk, oil, or clarified butter, extinguishes
the heat, is coveted by the gods.
85. Like men, diamonds are divided into Brah-
mins, Eshetriyas, Vaisyas and Sudras. The dis-
tinctive features of each caste I will now set forth.
i
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U?s<{ iTTil (Tit
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atm *ttt% i vo i
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mi ^ m,
(TfWtftfm I V8 t
wfm, htfj'Q
^ ^ Ftfl i mt-
1%m wttft ^rt^c«cf i vet i
100
ufomraT i
maw I
0\ --
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tl^TWWTWl
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«RJ>WI l
oft 'ski W^, $*£^SW, 'wk Wfife*S% WWTW
vsv$ f Tkr smnmr ^ ifkT
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M
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WTW 3iTWT ^ , SJWWW zrTWTO '^kl ^TKW *RX^
W'rf ^ ^Tim # l cc |
J4
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
101
Translation
86. Diamonds white like the conch, waterlily,
or crystal, are Vipras ( Brahmins ); those which
are red like the eyes of the hare, are Kshetriyas ;
those which are verdant like the cool plantain-leaf,
are Vaisyas ; and those which resemble in color the
cleaned sword, are known as Sudras.
87. The Brahmin, the Kshetriya, the Vaisya
and the Sudra, east around white, red, yellow and
black gleams respectively.
88. The fruit which is reaped through the cele-
bration of various sacrifices, munificence, and the
austerest devotion, is also gained by wearing supe-
rior Brahman diamonds.
ct Itw m, Tl TO
TOI TO1
TO1 ^rtf% ; TOf TO
TO1 TOI wTOPTf*! TOrcf,
toi ’SjkTOs ^f^rai Ms i
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i
102
G\
tot: ^rm I
w qqfa H ^<5 1
^^Tf^fTT ff^f TT^F ibf *T^?W I
^fw^r: qf^cr^i l e° II
q: I
srsr^jf ^KWlrT I $X l
W ^TOgir qfcre: Tftw: I
wrowfa*iTai: qrr^ff q'trfw^q n <^ 0
rR3fHT i
^HHli 'IHt f%¥% ^HT t\
^ *ro?rm, ^x ^r%qiT =nw
TtaT ^ | ce. |
*nniF VRW WK, T*
w^nsr qs^rj^r?r, VH
Ttait I <=0 i
sit firgw ^q^l uiTW mx 9 ^ winsr
m:>qq»rc\ ^ctjfN 'shx ^nf^ir
VjffHUft XtTT i £l l
*ftW ^T a^T Th:i ^rTT qirsf
▼ ; ^\x fw*TT i^ifT
^fiT I I e^ I
Translation.
89. The better sort of the Kshetriya class
bring about uniform success, accession of power,
and destruction of foes.
90. First-rate diamonds belonging to the Yaisya
caste are productive to their wearers of wisdom,
cure, fame and skill in the elegant arts.
91. The higher order of the Sudra class induce
benevolence in their master, and make him hale
and wealthy.
92. Diamonds set on gold are an aceeptable
offering to the gods. They are classified according
to color.
twsl, ^ i a>« I
»
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ftsR? CTOtfTfT^e <5tt^ I fiw
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flfwum i
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■tiTrriww^wfsit l
3tT5f?ft HTT^TWt 5T r^S^’ ti H
?nEsrwi
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rrt$% TUT*! ^T WTOTO XW
'itm % I *tmm, ?x% r^, ^fcr, ?m mg
T*T w TIT ^fTmiri W tmiT % l<“^ I
*r#t ^jtw sra ^r» ^mr
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^ gwflfw ’sHt ti^ti ^tSfrsV
'S I ««8 I
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«iv ^R^ 5TO mTW *fiT mficlT f , ift*T If
TOT T^iT W IRt vft WW sift -
q»THT I ti I
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
105
Translation.
93. Diamonds are generally green, white, yel-
low, brown, copper-colored or black ; and the classes
are presided overby Ndrrfyana, Yaruna, Indra, Agni,
Yama and Vdyu respectively.
94. Of tho six classes, those that are red like
the China rose or coral, or yellow like turmeric, are
productive of good fortune to princes.
95. They can wear a diamond whose hue is a
medley of all the colors enumerated above, but
never diamonds of diverse colors at one and the
same time.
f«T, vsfSRS.
sffiTF, 'S ^
IS TOfT ^t-
Tggy SJtS T&rf, RSSl ifetSITIS Sift
ftwt SfeTtffofo I S>8 I
<pfvf c£)^<sftlR
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FR Si ! fcfr I
I
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C^Fsi && IW'I? W iwi -
N
106
nfinfu^T i
BW |
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TOT f*% TOwTTtt TOWf T<ST^ft% II tJZ II
^T^lpEr TOff^ WTS^TOT <T¥T I
iftwraiff ft£*(<srW RW TOJ WfTT: n *-*. 11
tr^stm i
tot rn^pa* ^f^T) ^ffc
*TT^R *13^1 W^flT ^rnrPrT %
WTTO
TtTT ^tTIT%; apft TTfr^UI ’sHt ^profi *figTO^
1 1 I
W^W» TOiTT^ (TT ( ^TTTt TOTO") TO TO
( bt^t ) ?TfT» to^t, ^ <ftyram ^ ^
*#R*r IR^T Ttm t j £.\s I
TSTHl^R TT%?T ■rttSi TO S^T, TO
^T TO WT^IT <T^fTO fam I I <5^ I
’TOST, ^\£t ’TO TO, (ftenmT, ^T
f*i4^rrr TO , pr ’Tt^*r TTni w I e«- 1
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
107
Translation.
96. As the promiscuous intercourse of one caste
with another gives rise to mixed castes among man-
kind, so it is with diamonds, the mixed classes of
which are fraught with great troubles to man.
97. The qualities of being six-cornered, eight-
sided, twelve-edged, high, smooth and sharp, dia-
monds bring from their quarries.
98. Persons skilled in the knowledge of jewels
enumerate five good, and as many had qualities of
diamonds ; and have also mentioned four kinds of
shades as proper to them.
99. The qualities of being six-cornered, light,
sharp-edged, and pure, as well as the state of having
eight equal sides are the five good properties of
diamonds.
armtft toij
cw m<\c c h f®*
w to itw
^ f
<2f <Fft '9*1, , fts-
cm M3 Ftf? «2(<Ffa ft<Tl fwt ^%l
i a* i
«T^3, \©ftFtef5 M3
fipt?T5 9*1 I S>a I
I
7SRT$T ^frT
to* *pir. rfN ^fT’<» to* firftrg ^Twr
^IZ^rT, TO**, **T*
'*1*1 f=r^%, **T Vkl **t *T TO* *T*T* T I ?»» I
TO* ^TW, *** W TO, *TT**: *TT,
*4 J
*t*WT*i ^*f* *zt^TT, %TT, ^R, *iT***,
TO x Vf. *<#t ** 3m*f*5T*, #ra: *TT%
^*T* f** *[*¥* K%, <3*t 5RW^R* ***T*iT
*T* 'rRT I I
A TREATISE ON OEMS. 109 «
Translation.
100. The diamond which is free from defect, six-
cornered, pure, sharp, possessed of an agreeable
color, light, beautifully shaped, flawless and iris-
gleaming is a rarity in the world.
101. The place where there is even a particle
of such a diamond as is sharp, equal-sided, exeeod-
ingly light, possessed of an excellent color and of
other good properties, and freo from Rekhd, Yindu,
Kalanka,* Kdkapada, Trdsa, &c., is certainly fre-
quented by the gods.
l
'<u, ^OT s iffw, *rRi
m % win',
a*ri, '«
fm c < i ^
i i
* A dark spot.
110
^ ^ sr*?' i
*RJ ^^‘fT^f?T ^Tftfnr |
TeTWTT W^jtfr <T^l WOTf*!^ \\ %*k |
^PTSHT^* ^rfj
WIST ^TT^^JT D ^®8 H
jf^TT * ^sR^rqi^T wrctffHwisft ^<r I
<nr*j* *srf?r *ref?r *rnnrr* n \®yi a
cTOTRT I
«ft ^?; ^kx
^TrTST <T%^, TS %fr^ f^?T *ffaT ^JTT,
f^T ^WrT, ^fKfTTy 'sfrngr, >?5T, 3T^ ^\x
<T^T *TTf%«fi T,^T. *T^ ^T.
^^TT lt c ^ I
*ft <TT*TT^r tir^f^ TnfnrxTT
tR^TT, ^ q^*r s}3?rl
§ I % ° ^ I
W3?fT N ^THi, 5TI
«r w, w^*\w, wstw ?t^tt, ^Tfaq* fixm vt» ’sV
*n|% t^tc% win ^tptt <^»
^ 'ffcT T.\S[J *ft»T W ^HHT TOT qT^rif
ifra * l ^®8K®yL l
Translation.
102. The man who carefully keeps about him a
sharp-pointed, spotless and genuine diamond, is
blessed with the life-long possession of riches, good
fortune, sons, corn, kine and other beasts.
103. The diamond which crowned with every
good property, floats on water, is the very pink of
perfection ; and the use of such a gem is attended
with greater good.
104-105. The possession of such a diamond as is
exceedingly flawless, impervious, six-cornered and
light to a degree, as forms the rainbow on being
exposed to the sun, and as does not sink in water,
renders a prince victorious over every enemy.
l
<ftRj, <#l 'Q
CT ftw ^Tl Wf
^1 q'M'Q
«tf® '>°' Q i
CT RFoffT, Rf%-
TOT fS
<21*1 fwfa TO, ftw «rtH*l '^fer
W *R< ^ I >81 W I
112
& ^
5TtT ’TT’T I
O
^qwqpq* qq*j' It
q^fq fqiftqrqitfe: qfqs? fqq<rf qj |
€tsfq q qqqisq^mq mxtfrj qr^igqtqw: n i°$ \i
qt^nq^fqqtff?;qTf*TOq *wt ^r^rr^tf ffair ^t*: I
qtTqii»a^I=r«qTqmq: **W*TT*T5rr»p fi |j
wwf qifw% ^*nq, qfft qfNqq qqj
v
<rt^TT *T(Tt 'Wt, T^?ii 5fftT ^q^T ‘Sfal
t K c <? I
sziqrtwT, fw^rr, fq<, q^w *nf^ qw
qrqq^rc ■skx% qr*rc q^qgqfqi to* ^t^t ipkh!
qiq, 7T^ qq, Ctaq ^k qrTqkiqqft nx-
fkm Ttq- 1 i
q?T q:i«iT qf 5 ?^ qqpr f%q *ra q^kq qrk fqq-
qft% qqrq qjun ipffifira qki q%*r, q 1 ? qq;
i'mx rfww wfrro x\^ qri*r qR | % <>« t
q*:5fHT I
5ft 'rkT qtfaqr qq^T Ttfn % qlk fawsT tw
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
113
Translation.
106. The diamond which has originated from
water, which weighs one tolu* and which is trans-
parent as the dew-drop on a blade of grass, is worth
ten millions.
107. Even a diamond which is cracked, spotted,
striped, discoloured, or otherwise defective, leads
to wealth and increase of children, if it possesses
the power of forming the iris.
108. The sovereign who wears a diamond
possessed of the good qualities mentioned above,
and laughing like the lightning’s flash, attains to
universal dominion.
1
sirfa w, <ii^
csWlfiifsre, *pl i ^ i
aft* c?rai 'Q
fiw
r «r, «rt^, 'Q wfe if% <R7t n oC i i
(7i i?fw
3JW flw ^PRR, t%f=T
I |
* A weight of gold or silver, calculated at 12 mdshds, Jeweller’s
Weight, and equivalent to nearly 210 grains ; but actually it is of the
same weight as the sicca or 1795$ grains. — Williams.
crs^taT: i
ITW 1
Os
fa^raj ^¥T I
qa afai: aamnTi: TTW tow wftfaf: II i°.£ II
' <4 v>
*iir afaariT *?rraT astfaanra i
^riwi 'are: n u° n
ftaa fw^KTTO: trlx^iff aqrafa; i
'qglaai: aap?nm fw^rt q^rfrrai: HH ii
Tfrrsn i
*T%<T ^l^T, feT, fWT, n^fl wffc
vit qfW TOTO 5 R% 7 TW
v I u 4 - I
af%a Tt^% q%TTO *151 *R*TT ftrtT ^ > fifZ^TT
towto ■rtar v, fa^rc
q%*aw aa iXm #, *r^i^rc ^*:t q%*aw
•eaaT aai r?<n ■?% qfo
'sHt q^T^ir 3a?a WTTOt WITT ^VaT
1 1 U' I
Ttrw ^Tt fei *\ qqiT^a ^rpm,
qf*3^r 'sfa a^rafa a^t arc qqrn: TtaT 1 1 ui l
DEFECTS OF DIAMOND.
109. Authorities in matters of precious stones
mention five had qualities of diamonds ; namely,
mala* vindu, t rekhd,% trdsa§ and kakapada. ||
110. The first defect causes impurity, the
second brings down destruction on the wearer,
the third renders him apprehensive of snake-hite,
the next infuses constant fear into the mind, and
the last leads to ruin.
111. Diamond spots are divided (according to
the respective character of each) into four classes,
namely ; vindu (or the spot proper), dvarta , pari-
varta , and jabakritiSk
tw&fz urt, 'e
n°s> i
Cl ^<.4 srtfw
Cl**?
i » i
* Impurity. t Spot. X Stripe. § Fear.
H Literally, that which is shaped like a barley corn .
II Crowfoot
iifirrim i
I
0V "
fa^mrf nsre^t i
J 4» w
xw u* ^TSifa: I) U ^ II
^T^r^nff i
si^arifali 1 i! \\$ ll
t*^r ^ ^stts^j f^^T’ai^* |
^ ift% «^fr i
^ vtwi: w?flrll II U8 II
cirsrnr i
?;tjf^w *rNr f^js# fang ^Bifa; f^-zn
HKTjfc-rT^re tw , ?** wrtrjt
Tt^W TTf^iT |“, *®\x TTTW TOT
f^jrat ^Rrcssffr ?‘iu^ l
’sfat 'f, ^*R 5TT3T
*iron^* , rr^ *iztri irarwr
3R«ti ^ ferret
^rTT ’?\ '^rfc ’TO^TT v4i
TtHT lnui
^T^rT% *rail*R TO 5 ! fa^TT^ ^T ^
'STift ^C •TT'ST *JR» tffaT
gi^r, 'tR mx '5TT"3T *S* I 5R ^
’^trff I I U 8 |
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
117
Translation.
112. A blood-red, circular spot is a vindu, a
circular spot situated in the middle is called an
dvarta, a simple red specie is entitled a parivarta,
while a Jabdkriti is a blood-red mark shaped like a
barley corn.
113. A ma^M-marked diamond is inimical to
life and property ; an dvarta - spotted one gives
rise to various fears ; a jp<m»«r£a-specked and a
jabdkriti - spotted one are fraught with disease.
lid-. According to some, if the barley corn -shap-
ed speck is red, it is destructive to horses and
elephants ; and when it is yellow, loss of family
dignity and of wealth and curtailment of life are the
consequences.
TO#, TOteJ 's
wfff® i i
ftw TO. g sr to TO, TO#-cTOt-
ftW TO TO? G ??tff#-
c?t??f?« ^t??> TOrf?rff?'5R?> ^? i ’i'i'Q i
?^TOs to ?g*?< ??fN j g to? f?TO?
<4?’ 4?" ^? i
??fk^? o ft? ^?t?f i ^ *8 1
118
flfWRT I
TOpruiT I
W^fTfera*^ ^T TWT II ?^y D
T^nr^iT srr w^r 'rfr^fwm I
T^T ^f%5TTTO HHff 5T5R3RT | ||
^3TT 'TSTTOTaTT ^ I
^T ^TSlfa^T "sf^T ^Rf^T I
^g? TTtflTVUTO W^R ^ffa: IU®
fTr^im I
^7TT ?lf%^ rir^ 'TR, flt *▼
TJR tt> *t\* rTT^R t^T ^tr, ffi- TSOI <TT%^T
q^T «*, ’TKt ^TTT *T3TIT
^ fqr '?t^% fT^Tt^T *sfW ’rttr I \ ^ I
*?t fa< <nrf% TT^i **TR W W^T
%» #^T fatTR *TTT W $ f^RTTO SfiTCW
Tt?TT I I U $ I
w?r fsrcrR tiv* ■fur, ?ft ^*r
gs^5% ura*- ara* ^fww uk*
’Tfn;, rft ^WTOT *TT' 3 T faVT Tfc, rft
^*Twf% ^TT% IUSI
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
119
Translation.
115. If the above-mentioned stripe appears in a
bent form on tbo right side, it is productive of
good consequences ; but the same appearance on
the left occasions various fears ; again, the
streak which looks like a cleft renders one liable
to blows from weapon.
116. That stripe in a diamond which resembles
a bird’s wing is termed clihedd. This mark
brings about loss of friends.
117. When the clihedd mark is visible in a
crooked form on the left, it leads to dissension
with kindred; a like mark on the right side
entails loss of wealth, and if pointing upwards,
brings on difference with friends.
wfro ^ ^ to,
tNw w =rfal tos TO e i a cpti
ffaTO* erfa (?rt a*ri
^ I 'i'id i
c<i C3*11 cwf^o
<k^, c^tI fF^F
I I
C^fl fF^» TfcffilFl 'SrC*i^
TO*; >T®^5r, T W
to i
nfarnrar 1
i
<K ^
'wp: qnwrcmft ¥3 ?tk ^T i
^ W? TTW II (I
^T3=rra* <?r i
^ifiaprfkro ^kre sr fr n ^ n
k^rrfjrkT: ^ epra^ipr i
fNr ^WT: jftWT ^TWt ^k*RWT II II
cr^smx i
aft ^PT 5fikSi TNfti WR '#fc, ^rk *T#t ?R
irfsR =rtxj > w ^hr t, k?*?t
VJU ’fkl ^5RT *4^1* ^kt 4k 4k j
4k IU C I \
f^R 4k*BT ’SPfaiT ft^BTi ^PRT 4t4t fiftTCT I
zrr 4k, 4k 4\ 4ki ^r4k wfirtR^T,
4k tw ^farraro vfl 4ki 4k
?IT fTCW *R^T «^kl«T % I ^4. I
fan* ^nkr 4k4t ztt TO*rarc 4k,
■ ^*n4t 3r?^ 4, 4k 4kT f4sr ^
efiRR ^TR ^R?<T 1*4, 4kRJ*T ^4t
fp:^% 4k*fiT knsfT 4k ^k'k't kr^i 1 1 %\° l
A TREATISE ON GEMS,
121 <,
Translation,
118. The spot which is like the claw of a crow
as well as dirty, is called kdkapada. Death
and ruin are near the man who wears a diamond
marked with kdkapada , and a stranger shall lord
it over his home.
119. That diamond, the top or any side of which
has been rifted, which does not show a leaf-
like arrangement of parts, which is devoid of
lustre and which is globular, is not only void of
any good property, hut is positively productive of a
variety of evils.
120. The mark the existence of which in any
diamond imparts to it an air of apparent brokenness,
is denominated trdsa. Such a diamond always gives
rise to fear. These good and bad qualities of dia-
monds have been described by Raja Soma.
ftwfas (71 ^t(7F?l
toto ortt <k^ i (7i
ftw '<x$ e \ to, *i#rw,
(71 Tl CTO «st,
Ttfeffa, (Tff^s (TttTOft, (TlflW
w =rfti (TtTO toi i ^ i
(71 ffrTOF v5tf% TO1,
TOtTTF^ TO, ftw *!#Tl ^
ftro xspi forttra to i ftoni
^ tito^TO '®«tortCT3f fro
utc^ nvT
i
r
122
TT^rri
ir^*rfq ^ ^ f^f%rr*r^rt^ra- fraNrsn I
*rf% ^^rerftifa 4«4iri[ lt**i
A "i *
* ?TvT q*nrri[ VafKfa 1)^ ^511
■$*P3^r ^r tnfoirft <t^tV
■wVt *fT?TT ^T^fgTWt ^tt5
^JTT I \W I
f%*r^^rr to^bt fe^T tot, ^w
f%*n3T *f%=T 'gfa:, T£ ^T x*%% ^n^T
3fi > t f%W teir^TO faTpT
k^tttt 'sta* «rr ftr^T wi fwz^i *»rr* wtt
'SV, ^ ^T «n% 'ST^^T *?Wt
*m v .t i i
q^N^ir ^TTWTSWT^ 3TST l
Tt?^T WU ZTTi 3T Tt?, ®r? T
> \f ^
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
123
Translation.
121. The diamond, the peak of which shews
breaches, or which is decayed, no man who seeks
his welfare should keep in his house, although
it should be otherwise furnished with every perfec-
tion.
122. A diamond, the face of which is cracked,
whose top is rent, and whose centre is full of dirt,
can deprive even Indra of His highest Heaven.
123. If any diamond is marked with a blood-red
spot, or if it is throughout red-spotted, it brings
a speedy death to the most hale man.
(71 ftaRt ^5f ^4 Tl f¥K ^
*1 no i
^fe® w i n*. i
(71 ftol (TFfa ftf^®
^jfasre w ^ i
**^1^ i
flfiuHW I
3337
333' ITf33f 3^rf3 ^‘^Nf |
333HTCW3 3^7 XJ^ $3#t3f jfq 3r%3 33313 H ^ 8 II
3^J ^3 33^t3t ^T¥t 37 *3X 33 37 |
33 f^f*rf^iTlSrr 3 W ^^3^73 |
-1
33?T $3 3^3W* 3 3f PC33 3q: It R
Nti 3 33T3 ^7^3®fitw 33733 1
3^3ff3 3^t3 B II
3^3*7 I
5ft ^7T qf%% §3^3? 33317 5JT3, 3T7
3t33 3TS3I^ 33 V^*r 3T33 33^7 3*k,
33 37k 33 333 373t 37 <% 3t 3 3T 3^77
3333 3f^wt3% 3133 3f3» ftre r fti ft 3f33^ 3*§
3nft 33W*fi 373 3fV 1^8 1
f%3 s 3^331 3^3 XT it3T33 3^33 Tt3 3337
*rtTT» 3^R3 ^733^ 3f% 3fk 3f^ f%3 ft* 3T,
33 3kT 33133 3*3, ^3 ^TT^Ttr *3#
331733 TW3T 33lf33 3fV ; 3*k 3* 3^ 37*333
37^ 33733 37*317, 3^3^313, 33 3k7 3i73[^>
ft3* 3733 3333T *ft3 3ft* I ^¥, l
f33^t3T 3*77 W3^3iT, 3*5*37 3k7 3s?3 s
3735 ^557, **35**7 3**77 3*357 5T7W 3*3>
3 k W^Nrr 3*77 TTT* 57*3T*T 3 I I
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
Translation.
124. The diamond which at first appears possess-
ed of good qualities, but which on being set on
gold,&c., betrays defects, should never be selected for
ornamentation ; since a thing devoid of good pro-
perties should never be used for such a purpose.
125. A diamond the touch of which causes swel-
ling in a wound and an increased sensation of burn-
ing in a fever and which brings on a sensation of
fainting, is a bad gem and must not be treasured.
The diamond which is rough is not acceptable to
kings, although it may be weighty.
126. A three-cornered diamond gives rise to
quarrel, a four-cornered one occasions various fears,
a five-cornered one brings death, but a six-cornered
diamond is productive of good.
'sr^'pf i
(71 ff<14(.4 33b
WffTi
^t«i W4j ^
^ ^ n ^,8 1
C4 ff4(T44 Ws C*fN, <¥£4 331
<44“ fbSj 4 £31, (7 1 3)44 ^ff% ^[4>,
^ 4t4l 4?#4T I <44? C4
3J4 5 , (71 flw
I W I
fe4t c l ftW 4**ft33b F^(7Ft £ l ftW 4t4l ^3f4>
ftW 3*J4 <44“ 4k4t 4 l flW 45f(714
I ^ I
126
nfiffirraT i
^^rrt Otm* ^w^nr^f l
OTiffin As^sr n W's'b
xx^xnt ntfaww: wrr^% i
q ^t fri sr H i *m: 11
*?f%4 A Tpr w&x
V*3 AfA^'FITOr WX^fa W I
* A ^^TTrwrfw^^ n % n
A ^
I
AqiXTwi Tr^ At wrf ^tt ^rcw,
fisf^rar Ar ^rarr =rm ^wr^nr, At
5gw At ’2Ti=f* *s^-
^tfstt \ \*(v\
W^*»T Al TT^T^ ^pAi^T, UlrT^RIT At
Apst wm A ^THr^^fiT At ^T^r
% I I
'WiA Al *TPP^T A* At 7TJT
^prprTj ^r^T^TK ^^rfa ^t At At $:<£
tAT3fT* ^ qffnT At TtA ^TW»
WT^^rw At W3?fT %:^S tAwT, 'A fA» UiTS^
A fWZT^TT At A^T 3iKW f ; Aif
^ A*® fPt% vxrs ari^ ^xx®
*tA^ A I
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
127
Translation,
127. A two-layered diamond, (says the Agni
Furdna,) brings about quarrel, a three-layered one
is destructive of happiness, a four-layered diamond
is productive of it, and a five-layered diamond oc-
casions grief.
128. A six-layered diamond causes fear to kings,
a seven-layered diamond is mortal,* while an
eight-layered one is surpassingly pure.
129. Since a shadeless diamond is fraught with
danger, a dirty diamond with grief, a rough diamond
with unhappiness, an unfeeling diamond with in-
toxication, a black diamond with various troubles
and a relcha- marked, a vindu- marked, or a kaka-
jmcfa-spotted diamond, with death, it behoves a man
to wear diamonds after minute examination.
fWT
c*rtwp? I I
factors ccf, c*rfa-
ftw
<Ftu 4 i, fiw «
ftw
*rfw ^fm\ w?. vsTO wi
#1 I ^s> I
I
Used literally ; L. mortis, death ,* Sanskrits, inn, to die.
frfilHFilT 1
—
128
fTWfT I i
\ C\ ** j
^PTRlfa ^ ^PJT ^IT^P#W ^fWTT I
i ^
! rr^^rrf^K ¥T *tt b \k° ll
3TT^T II % ^ ll
*T*f ^fq ?an^ I
mm ygFrm u 11
w^ft wfc. i
^T3^ «T5T^^ *IWTOT ll
^ V
^5Tnu
«ri^T^» irfaR ^iw ^
TlT% wfi ^T*R ^TRT fjf% Tt I I
! wt "?Vt ’sra^ft %, ^tx *t
^ra* TO*r s ^t^T *jt ^tt^t ftn:» ^ ^ftqrr
3m»TPI% *iXJ?X
5if%* ? UH 1 |
f%^*li^ir 'ski #§T TI%^T |
*mx ^STrT *U*rTT Tte, W7IT ^®liT TC*
*ra*tarri^^l •
^TTR 'fVl Tifww^ fai ^7T V
! I , qiKw t^rqi qnr *w f>n;
v i ^Mi |
& - M
A TREATISE ON GEMS,
129
Translation.
130. It is doubtful whether those diamonds that
are slightly defective, are even half as valuable
as flawless ones, although their defects should
escape the eye.
131. The worth of those diamonds that pos-
sess many bad qualities, although all of them of
a trifling nature, is not even a hundredth part of
the value of a sterling diamond.
132. The value of such ornaments as arc set
with impure diamonds is small, although the orna-
ments themselves may otherwise be very fine.
133. Defective diamonds are very dangerous to
youthful women under conception : the contact of
such gems may lead to abortion.
(71 ftW JlWU (TTt C*Tfa
f% ^rl I ys>° I
C3 fNW (TfWfefa, (7ft Cft^
^1
^ *rtare ^5
^1 1 vo* i
CT (71^
'*rf% ^TI
*ffi7F I X* I
^ fm dfterfaffafil C*rW-
(TTC^ vst^t ffapiwf
I I
;
i
>
>
l
Q
\ *PsW I
I ^
^rareT tf^iTrur ttstt ~n i
t^sr^Ef^Twr^ vwjkw II %$% It
^f<Twf%Fgi4% f^srT srt: I
*Ktai ire ^tibett f*nr%: =s*kh?t: 11 n
^Tfrisw*nrm^ i
^TTnr^qtrT ^<1T mffT ^f%rf II l ^ II
j ' ®S *\
WITT^* U ^ ^T TTRfw^rT |
3nfa Wfr n ^ ^va »
j W^HT 1
*rr?T, ^Tfe, 3TIW7, sT^reT, ^X ^X
rtvsm ^t^t, t*t ** *rfW
*3^ ~^X^ ^TT *TRTW %, T^rf%5 ^TT
W ^=5® T^T ^T^T 'TT ! Nt 3*\*TT *rei-
fira # i ?^s i ^yi i
f wr ^rrfc kr*Rw *fk snnw t=t^ f?re
’#tT^ tjtkl ■sftfjf # , vkr vt$3t
^rif? -giT% *r;*rk% t?t ■?> ^ti^ttx,
J C\ Q\
^\x stt^ttTi irfasr '#ba
^TT, 7TT *?fV* ^rafof ^rere
x§m I S^<f I
^TT ^4k ^ ffclft f^m 'TtT’TT 3iT^
Tjq^ TjTsrm qif^% ^ft^lir ?ft W2T ^kr *re*TT
'g> *n^TT, wfipr ^TW *ki ^ftr
\ M\ ^ ^fT9?lT \\k'®l
A TREATISE ON OEMS.
131
Translation.
134 — 135. Skilful lapidaries make use of iron,
the ruby, the gomecla (agate?), the lapis lazuli,
crystal, and glass of various colors, in fabricating
false diamonds ; therefore, before buying diamonds,
they should be first tested by a skilful judge of
precious stones.
13G. There are three ways of testing a diamond ;
1st, by mixing it with ashes ; 2ndly, by rubbing ;
and, 3rdly, by whetting a weapon over it. A false
diamond is reduced to powder by the first test, aud
wears away by the second and the third, — changes
which can never be produced in real diamonds.
137. Again, smear a diamond with a mixture of
ashes and acid, and dry it in the sun ; and if it is a
false diamond, it will show loss of lustre on being
washed, but a real one will receive additional bril-
liancy.
I
hto,
^<3 f*t#i ^itori
ffslOT fto fm.
^31 WTI I ^8|X><f i
to 'Q “ft*! fajfaf
ftw fto r ^t?t-
mui\rM |>< ^rtn, toi 'e *rr c i TOI
^3, ^iftF ^ toTO
TO*i to i vjnj i
w\MP ftro torn ctos ^
cto tofol fto •St'S TO'
to fro torero fttormt toi
i w i
132
1
C\
sfaaft gift Sr qftrtttfW t
<*v \ n£ II tl
^ A
^?TT qTOIFft Tlk^I^R"? J
**[ q ^t^rter ^f xfa: ^fx^mk n % k*- a
srrkRWTfa' fekrek wifir n^f qfq^r: i
*rj* 1^* fakreft 5 tt^5t «ra* n ^ s« II
n ^ A
*\<Mh\ l
snfbm kr?Rr fakreir xm ^rk ^t *re?ks ^
#, ^TT*ri*f Vt^T =#k% c&zfrt '#',
'ski mz ?rf% ^^tt i
taro*# *r?i$ ^mx MT^tq*f, m
^efNiT 'a-^T^I 3iRW #, %f«? ^TJ T^% TOT
mftqw ^qq ^kr q?^Sr q^T ^k
«r* 'skr fTik^^T qqq ^ I I
^!?r ■ski wfki% ^fkcw ^?rt
*FJT 'ikl %Z WTfTT I, ^ k ’^t’CT f^fa 5 ^
’smi 'fk^i wz % wfa*i <qk
fq>€t srfa qiim \ % 8 0 i
Translation.
138. The diamond can make scratches on every
other hard substance, but itself is not susceptible of
such impression by ever so hard a thing.
139. Ancient authorities in the science lay
down heaviness as the most valuable quality of all
gems, but this does not apply to diamonds ; i. e., the
less the weight of a diamond in proportion to its
bulk, the greater is its value.
1-10. An unreal diamond can be scratched by a
real one, as also the latter by a huruvinda ,* or by a
real diamond, but not by anything else.
^3Pt
3^s£f^t3 31? 3l 3>1^3 ’'FfK
Wt ft3¥3t3l *tt33>
C3>t3 3l3t^ 3fe> *tt3l
3t3 5rln«lr I
31^13^ 33^3 33^ 33W3
C^f3C33 3>f3 c l, %3^ <3*1°-
3% ftW ^t3Ft33 3^ ^31 *if33t33 W
^33, Nst^t3 C3\33 31 % ^33 I |
ft3¥3t3l f1%3 |tW ^3, 43?
-2(^5 ftW 33^3^ 31 ftW3t3ft
^3l 3t33>, \st%3 ^131 C3>t3 3W3t3t^ ^33
*ff33 3l I ^8° I
1
I
C\ **
^Tfnr *r ^ i
•r ?htt irffr^fi^rr »rr »r?rwiinf*r^ n w l)
c \
^figpr Tft^f qit^T^ *re$r I
irfav^r* faiffan n %%$ H
'qgflvfa? ST3T* 5TTffl^: l
qfaftra?4 h huh ^wh i
d vj v
vfa: grarf^Tratwf ft^tt n ^S3 ii
<TT.5(fn I
•sfar, ^th; ^ *r^pft
^nr, ift 5TT 3TT^ir> U S M
sTT^r Tt^st wr Ttar, wfeqqr
srz wt^7tt, f*g^ ’sthtt
^ Tg^ww T^T l ^ 8^ I
VHt iff*#*
f sgqqr tKt f sg^ ’sfrc ^?ra ^tr
^if%q;, f%*Tft> xm, w> ^cst
y* I %$k\
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
Translation.
141. When a diamond, a pearl, &c., set on gold ,
or any other precious metal, look downward, their
rays do not radiate upwards.
142. The price of a Kshetriya diamond is one-
fourth, that of a Yaisya diamond one-half, and
that of a Sudra diamond three-fourth less than the
price of a diamond of the Brahmin class.
143. If a king wearing a diamond belongs to the
same caste that it belongs to, the circumstance is
productive of good ; the reverse brings about dis-
ease and grief.
TOi f&m
Nslrtlwm fwt wrt =ri ns> i
^R, ftTOR f^ff? ^R
CATs *JR ^TT I -8^1
flw Ftf?
c^t*5t, c*rt^tfw ft?R ^ ns« i
JT’OTT l
f f s W wsi i
<r^5rw wrer sfsjta *rn;irfr n % 8 8 o
*pWf% ^r ?-m' i
*ttf?ftf*re3T f%FT 3>Tf^TO5ft \ 8UL II
fw^T^rai ^g*rf*r i
iNgw qj^^r ^TTTT^’a ^itT I H
♦i TT^NtT 'OTTO I
cTTSWI I
'ffrT 3**rrrc wSir am *fiT
^TT, ai^tfa vk» T*sfo% afTW
*rarteR arci <ftw arfapR 3f^m as^r ;!
'^Tf'fXr U88 1
t^h f^Tfl- <rR€t arcitarftTO^ firarer
fTO ia ^aii *5^1 ’Rifaai
1 1 ^ayj
?nwrw xm avt aaiT^ a»i
\ *rw fawiaiT ^n* aiTT ^favr ^ , vft
*\ |
| XiXri f^sr ^ *fiT^ ^T *NVfa«! 5JTOT U 8^ I
k~ ^
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
137
THE PROCESS OE REFINING A DIAMOND.
Translation.
144. Impure diamonds when used in medicine
lead to leprosy, pleurisy, jaundice and lameness. It
is therefore highly advisable to refine a diamond be-
fore using it medicinally.
145. The process is on some auspicious day to
dip a diamond in the juice of kantakdri* and then to
burn it in a fire made by dried pieces of the dung
of cow and buffalo.
146. The burning should be carried on for a
whole night ; in the morning the diamond should
be put under horse’s urine, and again burnt. By
this process of burning being continued for seven
days together, the diamond will be refined.
i
im
(TPRi, s *t£\ai ^c<at ftw
Wtf*R 1 >88 i
f^z^
I >84 i
ypM f%W%i ^
f*R ftw i >8^ i
* Solatium jaquiri .
138
*ri$wilF8t i
rrafr i
W<t^ srt^t fWrsrii i
rTTT TW f^TT^T 11 %$\Q ||
^w- gW ftw *ftf?i m i
%f%rr ^4-d^sr* *r?r *t ^f^r^r: n ^ n
J *
STTWt^^ f^T ^TTOT "gfzft TOT !
qit^W ^TTW f%W ^TTqtrf t|^ g£_
cFT^HT I
fw ’sk ^tpt^t^t
trf^-^ q|T ?jtj ?RTiT% , rkr vm irt-
Kas t
^srtfwa 'skr ^*fNrr ~^i%, ’rfk
^k ^53-
m\]x frokfar wi^fr ^ttt \ \$^ f
*Tf%^T ^T3fft TTIW^ T^tt ■^srpfiT ^T<T
ITS (*£3i *T%% wt ^5JJ tfi^T
^"t to tw3>t fik wtj% ^^sf,- *n%
^*k *ikt fn^rm ^ %q- =^% ^srk^rr
3T?ir ’?* ) mm SRT^IT ^lf%TJ, ^ ^W=p
^=fi tt^ ^TT%tr | ^y<s i
@ji
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
139
Translation,
147 . Then immerse it in a gruel made of kaliya*
into which assafoetida and saindhava saltt also
enter as ingredients, and lastly heat it repeatedly
twenty and one times. Ey this means, the diamond
will be reduced to ashes.
148. The imbibition of a purified diamond con-
duces to longivity, general development of the body,
strength, energy, beauty of complexion and happi-
ness, and effects cure from every distemper.
149-150. The process of burning a diamond is
as follows : — Put the diamond in the juice of
Icantak&ri , place it in an earthen-pot, and
placing another over it, smear the two with hard
clay and cow-dung, then burn the whole ; this
should be repeated seven times. Then steep the
f^r vq 1w%i
^1 I ^8=1 i
*rt% ^ i -8b- 1
tfr ti wrrm cw ft cw
m *rtf*rai ^ir©
^finrl 's c$ft*ra c*r*t fwl
•ttar TO
TO, ^ *T§<F tfTOl
I ^8S> |
i
o
* Various leguminous seeds, chiefly of the order Phaseoltis. Williams.
f A kiud of rock salt found in the country of the Sind/iu (Indus). Ibid.
140
flfaTHTWI I
l
C\ x
S TOUTOni I
<\ >\ -l ^
riTT »nra ^vr ^|N wf?w^ ii s
^ xw. vqir i
^ d
n^fNreurf g^T f ?i*t 11 ^ ti
rnrstflT ]
^ ^ ST^ir wa sn^; g^jj
wr^ mi ^n Vfar f^ftoT 'tNt, xz\k
^ ^TRT»T 'rt^TT, T^r r}^% WW "rfa;! ^T^«
vm Tt wt^ttt i s> y° |
xhx^ wt ^PH^T INtIT fifi ^STTrft I, <nr
^Wrf^ *T*?T5T #, T^ri TT^T^T ^=T
VSgff '^teTTT | |
sfa ’ilJsfiT I
L ^$r^
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
141
Translation.
diamond in frog’s urine held in a pot composed
of zinc and copper, and heat it over and over in
fire. The diamond will then have been entirely
burnt, and can be reduced to powder.
151. Those medicines into the composition of
which the diamond dust enters, are like ambrosia ;
and the imbibition of these imparts adamantine
strength to the limbs.
I
^ ^ *ttG3T
%il ^st*i
c < i
TO ^ <it^? TO
flw I
142 THE DIAMOND.
EE Diamond might appropriately be called the
king of gems. Whether, in respect to beauty,
lustre, transparency, hardness or density, there is no
other stone yet discovered that can surpass it.
In fact it is the hardest of all substances — it resists
the action of the file and can only he cut by its
own dust. It is known in Sanscrit as the bajra
and in the West, was called, in times of old, the
Adamant; both the terms signifying hardness.
The origin of this precious stone is lost in the
mist of antiquity. The imagination of poets has
supplied the data which history has failed to afford.
It is said that “ Diamond was the name of a beauti-
ful youth of the Island of Crcta, one of the attend-
ants of the infant Jupiter, in his cradle. The
God who placed, among the celestial bodies, the
nymphs and goat that bad reared him, could not
leave this youth subject to the ills * that flesh is
lieir to.’ Diamond was transformed into the hard-
est and most brilliant substance in nature.”
All the opinions that have been collected as to
the origin and formation of the Diamond can be
placed under two heads, (a) that it is formed im-
mediately from carbon or carbonic acid by the
action of heat: (b) that it is formed from the gra-
dual decomposition of vegetable matter. Its spe-
THE DIAMOND
Its properties ,
A TREATISE ON OEMS.
143
cific gravity is about 3 - 5 ; its cleavage, very perfect ;
its refraction, simple ; it is transparent and trans-
lucent ; infusible, and unassailable by acid. Doubts
were entertained as to its combustibility, but
experiments made by scientific men, on various
occasions, have led to the discovery of tho fact
that it was only by entirely shutting out the air
and therefore the oxygen with which the carbon
combines, that the Diamond could be preserved
from burning ; whereas, by simply letting in the
air of which oxygen is a constituent part, it would
bum just as well as common coal. The tempera-
ture must be very high to burn a whole Diamond.
Small Diamonds and Diamond-dusts can be burnt
up in a much lower degree of temperature. The
crystalline form of the Diamond is either octrahe-
dron (as found in India) or rhombic dodecahe-
dron (as found in Brazil). Its magnifying power
being greater than that of glass, it is sometimes
used for microscopic purposes. It possesses, in
addition to its strong refracting properties, the
power of reflecting the coloured rays of light. It
becomes phosphorescent, on its being exposed to
sunshine and remains so until it is removed or
even when covered with cloth or leather or paper.
It is known to be a non-conductor of electricity,
but by friction, however, both in the rough and
polished state, it becomes positively electric, though
only for a short time.
k
Where found.
The ancient authorities seemed to agree in con-
sidering India to be the place from which Diamond
was first supplied to them, but none of them could
point out the particular locality where it was first
discovered. Pliny says very vaguely that “the
gem-producing rivers are the Acesines (Jenaub)
and the Ganges.” Dronysius Pcriegetes enumerates
the Diamond amongst the numerous gems picked
up in the river-beds by the natives of India, as
anciently understood, lying to the east of Mount
Paropanisus and Ariana. All that Mahomed Ben
Mansur knew of the Indian Diamond mines was
the fable, that “ in the eastern part of India, there
is a deep valley inhabited by serpents, where the
Diamond is produced, but some believe it to be
gotten in the mines of the Jaeut (Ruby). 1 ’
Amongst the many fables describing the mode
in which Diamond could be obtained, is one which
says that when Alexander visited the mountain
Zulmeah (called by others, Sarandip) where the
inaccessible valley of Diamonds is situated, he
directed pieces of flesh to be thrown in ; vultures
picked these up with the precious stones attached
to them and dropped them on various parts of the
earth, in the course of their flight. Marco Polo,
who travelled in India, in the beginning of 13th
century, gives accounts of the manner in which
Diamonds were then obtained— which agree mate-
rially with the tale given above. The first authen-
A TREATISE ON GEMS
tic and detailed account of the Indian mines is
known to have been written by Jean Baptiste
Tavernier, a merchant-jeweller, who had travelled
in India in the 17th century. He is known to
have visited three Diamond mines ; the first being
that of Iiaolconda, a place about five days’ journey
from Golconda and eight or nine from Visapore ;
the others being those of Coloor and Sumbulpore.
People give Tavernier the credit of being the first
European that had visited the Golconda mines.
But it is really due to one Methold who had visited
them before him, in 1622. Several other mines have
since turned up. Karl Bitter has divided the Dia-
mond-producing countries of India into five groups :
1st. The Cuddapah group, on the Pennar Biver.
Diamonds are found in Cuddapah, Condapetta and
Ovumpully, Landur, Pinchetgapuda and still fur-
ther beyond the Pennar valley as far as Gandicotta
and according to some, even Gutidrug. The
Diamond-beds in the Ovumpully mines are of
varying width and the stones are generally round-
ed. Those found still further west are said to be
the best,
2nd. The Randial group, between the Pennar
and the Kistna, near Bangapally. The Diamond-
beds here are only about a foot thick. Most of
the Diamonds of this district lie loose and their
forms are of the double pyramid and dodecahedra.
3rd. The Ellore group, on the lower Kistna or
the Golconda group. It is worth while disabusing
s
146
THE DIAMOND.
the minds of many of the impression that Golcon-
da produces Diamonds. Golconda proper has
no mines, nor any, in its immediate vicinity. The
mountains in the neighbourhood of the Kistna
and Pomar Rivers ; they were then brought to Gol-
conda in a rough state, and there cut and polished.
This place becoming the principal mart, it was
commonly supposed that the gems were found
close by. The Fort at Golconda was the store-
house of the great Diamonds in the Nawab’s domi-
nions. The discovery of the mine, which has
made Golconda so famous, is attributed to a poor
shepherd who came across what he thought a pret-
ty pebble, in the course of tending his flocks.
This he bartered to another for a little rice. After
passing through several hands, it fell, at last, into
those of a merchant who at once knew what it was
and discovered the mine, after considerable trouble
in searching. It has been mentioned before that
Tavernier visited the mines of Raolconda. This
place comes within the province of this group.
Kistna. There are other mines to the eastward,
on the lower Kistna. The most celebrated amongst
these, is the one called “ Coloor ” by the Persians,
and “ Gani” by the natives, situated about 15 miles
by Tavernier and was described by him as being
the birth-place of the “ Great Mogul,” which was
stones were found at the base of the Neela-mulla
Its position is towards the middle tributary of the
north-west of Masulipatam. This was also visited
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
U7
said to have weighed 787^ carats in its rough state
and 297 after it was cut.
4 th . — The Sumhulpore group, north of the Goda-
very, on the central tributary of the Mahanuddy.
This Diamond district extends to the immediate
vicinity of Sumhulpore only and between the Rivers
Mahanuddy and Bralimine. In the year 1818, the
year in which Sumhulpore was annexed to the
British territories, a Diamond was found here which
weighed 84 grains, and although of only the third
quality it was said to have been sold for Rs. 5,000.
5 th . — The Panna group in Bundelcund, between
the Rivers Sonar and Sone. The Diamond beds in
this group lie near Bengal, Behar and Allahabad on
the south bank of the Ganges. The most produc-
tive Diamond mines in this group were, in 1860,
at the village of Sukariah, situated about 20 miles
from Panna. Pour kinds of Diamonds were found
here ; 1st Motichul , clear and brilliant ; 2nd Manik,
verging in color to green ; 3rd Panna, with a faint
orange tint ; 4th Bansput, dark-colored.
There are also Diamond mines in Siberia, Brazil,
South Africa, Australia, Borneo, Sumatra, Java,
and the Celebes Islands. It had been the theory of
Pliny and other ancient naturalists that Diamonds
were generally to be found in the gold beds, and
this has most remarkably been borne out by facts.
Upwards of 50 Diamonds were said to have been
found in the gold mine of Adolph, (Siberia), near
the Ural Mountains (1830 to 1833).
148
THE DIAMOND.
The discovery of the Diamond mines of Brazil
which occured in 1730 3 was, like that of the Indian
mines, the result of chance. Some miners search-
ing for gold in the districts of Serro do Frio, came
across certain pebbles of peculiar hue and lustre,
which, when carried home, were given to children
and used as counters in card play. They fell soon
after into the hands of an officer who had spent \
some years at Goa in the East Indies. Struck <
with their symmetry and weight, he caused some \
of these stones to be sent to Lisbon ; the Dutch j
Consul at which place, having examined them care-
fully, pronounced them to be genuine Diamonds. |
The Diamond district of Serro do Frio is about }
60 miles in length and 27 in breadth. Diamonds j
have also been found in the remote provinces of
Goyazes and Matto Grosso. At one time the pre-
judice against the Brazilian stones was so strong \
that the merchants were obliged to export them to
India and thence to Europe in order that they j
might pass for Indian Diamonds. The places \
which yielded the greatest quantity of Diamonds
were Diamantina (in the province of Minas
Geraes), Bahia, (the old capital of Brazil,) and the
beddings in the Paraguay and its many tributaries.
In 1840, M. Ilericart de Thury announced to
the Acaderaie des Sciences that Diamonds had been
discovered in the River Gumel, in the Algerian pro-
vince of Constantine, Africa, — mingled with gold-
dust, brought down by the stream. One specimen
A TREATISE OK GEMS. 149
weighing 3 carats was bought for the Ecole des
Mines, Paris; another of 5 grains for the Mus£e
de L’ His toil' Naturelle, (Museum of Natural His-
tory) and the 3rd, by the Marquis dc Driie. The
discovery of the Cape Diamonds is connected with
a story very much the same as that of Diamonds of
other places. Amongst the number of pebbles
used as playthings by a child of one Mr. Jacob
(a Dutch farmer who had settled near Hope Town),
was one pretty stone whose brightness attracted
the attention of the farmer’s wife. This was after-
wards shewn by Mrs. Jacob to a neighbour, named
Schalk Van Nickerk, who requested Mr. J. O’Reilly,
(a hunter and trader, then passing through the
interior of the country,) to ascertain its nature.
This pebble being sent through Mr. Boyes to his
friend Dr. G. W. Atherstone, of Graham’s Town,
that excellent mineralogist boldly declared it to be
a real Diamond. This was in March 1867, when
the Universal Exhibition in Paris was about to open.
The first opportunity was taken to present it at
the Exhibition, where it remained for the whole
period it was open and was, at its close, purchased
by Sir Philip Wodehouse, then Governor of the
Colony, (and afterwards tho Governor of Bombay,)
for the sum of Rs. 5,000. The weight of this Dia-
mond was known to be 21 r \ carats. Several other
fields have since been discovered, of which some
lie in the Colony of Griqualand, west, which has
come under British rule since 1871.
M
150
THE DIAMOND.
Australia was generally known to be the land
of gold, but now it bids fair to be the land of Dia-
monds too. New South Wales was the only place
in Australia which had yielded a sufficient quanti-
ty of Diamond, such as to invite exploration. In
a certain report written in 1851, Mr. E. II. Har-
graves, and the Revd. W. B, Clarke, referred to
some specimens of gold and to a number of gems
including what they called rather vaguely, “a
small one of the Diamond kind,” which was found
in Reedy Creek, near Bathurst. But it was chief-
ly the Revd. gentleman named above who first
drew public attention to the Diamonds of New
South Wales. Four specimens were brought to
him from the Macquaire River, near Sutton’s Bar,
in September 1859, and a fifth from Burrcndong,
in October. In the mean time he had collected
Diamonds from Pyramul and Calabash Creeks. It
was in J uly 1869, that a company, called that of
the Australian Diamond Miner’s, began in right
earnest the work of hunting after Diamonds. A
few years ago a Diamond field has been opened up
near Binjera, in the New South Wales. This town
is situated on the Horton (popularly kuown as the
Big River) atid is about 400 miles north of Syd-
ney. In 1852 some Diamonds were discovered
near Echuca, about 20 miles south-east of Ade-
laide. In 1862 the discovery of a Diamond in the
Ovens district (in Victoria,) was announced by
Mr. George Foord. It was a transparent yellow
151 ^
A TREATISE ON OEMS.
crystal, with perfect edges, weighing about 2
grains.
The first Australian Diamond ever brought to
England was presented by Sir Thomas Mitchell to
the Museum of Practical Geology in Jcrmyn
Street. This small stone weighs f of a carat and
was found near Opliir, west of Bathurst, New
South Wales.
The Diamond mines of Borneo are all on the
west side of the mountains known as the Ratoos
Itange.
About the year 1840, some Diamond beds were
discovered in the district of Dolodoula in the Is-
land of Sumatra.
The Hindus divide Diamonds into four classes,
according to their castes. Those that are of clear
and pui*e water belong to the Brahmtma class ; those
that are clear and are of the color of honey, to the
Kshetriya ; the cream-colored, to the Vaisija and
the greyish-white, to the Sudra. Diamonds of
several colors have been found, principal among
which are the Blue, Red, Green, Olive, Black, Eire-
colored and the Yellow.
The Blue Diamond is a thing of great rarity and,
consequently, of very great value. The first Blue
Diamond on record was the one bought by Tavernier
J
COLORED DIAMONDS
152
THE DIAMOND.
in India, in 1642, and sold to Louis XIV. It
weighed in the rough, 112J carats and 67^, when
cut and kept in the French Regalia. In 1792, it was
abstracted from the Garde-Meuble, where it was
kept with the rest of the French Regalia, after
they had heen seized. All trace of this stone was
lost since that period till 1830 when a Blue Bril-
liant was found in the possession of one Mr. Da-
niel Eliason, which was perfectly identical with
the lost stone in quality and color. It was after-
wards traced to Mr. Henry Thomas Hope and was
then known as the Hope Diamond, weighing
44^ carats. This difference in weight with the
original stone is thought, by some conjecturers, to
have been due to reduction by cleavage. The
smaller part weighing 6 or 7 carats (most assuredly
the cleavage of the larger one) turned up in the
market in April, 1874. It was purchased in Gene-
va at the sale of the late Duke of Brunswick’s
jewels and now passes by the name of the “ Blue
Drop Diamond.”
The only specimen of a red Diamond known to
English jewellers is the one bought by Mr. Joseph
Halphen of Paris, from a London firm.
A beautiful green stone of 80 grains is said to
have fetched Rs. 360, at the sale of Marquis de
Dr4e. The King of Saxony is in possession of a
green Diamond which forms the button to his state
hat. The finest specimen of a Diamond of this
color was obtained for Rs. 2,000, about 20 years ago.
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
153
It was afterwards sold for Rs. 3,000. It subse-
quently fell into the bands of a jeweller in Bond
Street, who sold it to an American gentleman for
Rs. 6,000. Mr. Charles Drayson is its present
owner and is known to be quite unwilling to part
with it.
Black Diamonds of very great beauty sometimes
come from Borneo. They are so remarkably bard
that the ordinary Diamond-dust cannot make the
slightest impression on them. They can be cut or
polished by using their own dust. A coal-black
Diamond was exhibited at tho World’s Fair of 1851,
by Mr. Joseph Meyer. It weighed 350 carats.
A black Diamond was seen about nine years ago,
at Charles Nephews & Co., Jewellers, of Calcutta.
The vellow Diamonds are the most common of
all.
Mode of Cutting — Indian and European.
The Diamond, as mentioned before, can only be
cut by itself in the form of a fine powder, which is
generally prepared from defective stones and from
the refuse in cleaving and cutting. This being put
into a mortar of hardened steel is beaten until it is
fine enough for use. Reference to the fact that
Diamond is made to cut itself, is made in the touch-
ing verses composed by Charles I, on the night after
his condemnation.
“ With mine own power, my majesty they wound,
In tho king’s name the king himselfs uncrowned ;
So doth the dust destroy the Diamond
I*"
151
THE DIAMOND.
The art of Diamond-cutting seems to have had
its origin in India and that, at a very early period.
Indirect evidences might he adduced to support
this fact. Garcias ab Horto, (writing in 1565,)
remarks that the Indians preferred the Diamonds of
the “ old rock,” particularly those in their natural
state, (which they called " Naifes,”) to those that
were polished by human art. Tavernier in visiting
the Boalconda mines in 1665, found a large num-
ber of Diamond-cutters at work there. Each of
them was furnished with a wheel of steel about
the size of a dinner-plate. They worked on only
one stone at a time hut did so with great rapidity.
The principal consideration which guided the
Indians in cutting Diamond was that it should lose
as little of its size as possible and they would
rather leave it in an irregular shape than diminish
it to any great extent — a practice, in direct oppo-
sition to the system now adopted in Europe.
The discovery of the art of cutting and polish-
ing Diamond by means of its own dust, is attribut-
ed to Louis de Ber quem, of Bruges, who is known
to have constructed, in 1476, a polishing wheel in
which Diamond-dust was used instead of Corun-
dum, which the Chinese and Hindus had hitherto
employed. But there are several instances to prove
that Diamond-cutting was known in Europe, pre-
vious to this time. The clasp of the royal cloak
of King Charlemagne was set with Diamonds. In
the year 1290, a corporate body of gem-polishers
tf
and cutters was formed in Paris; and in 1373,
there were Diamond-polishers in Numberg. In
1434, Guttenberg learned gem-cutting and polish-
ing of Andreas Drytzehen of Strasbourg. Amongst
the jewels of Louis, Duke of Anjou, exhibited in
the years 1300-1368, were several Diamonds ; one
of which was cut into the shape of a shield ; an-
other, in the form of a round mirror ; a third, in
that of a lozenge, &c. &c. &c. Of the pupils of
Louis do Berquem, some went to Antwerp, some
to Amsterdam, and others to Paris. The Diamond-
cutting made considerable progress in this last
place, under the patronage of Cardinal Mazarin.
He had ordered twelve Diamonds of the French
Crown to be newly cut and these were hencefor-
ward known as the “ twelve Mazarins.”* At the
present time. Diamond-cutting is a flourishing trade
in Holland and is chiefly in the hands of tlm
Jewish inhabitants. Diamonds are now cut in a
variety of forms, the principal among which are
the Brilliant, Ilose, Table, and the Basque.
The Brilliant form is said to be the crowning
invention in the art of Diamond-cutting. It is the
form most esteemed, as it exhibits the peculiar
lustre of the stone to the best advantage. But in
this there is a larger waste of the material than in
* After they had disappeared after the Revolution of 1 830, no one knew
what became of them. At the recent betrothal of King Alphonso with Princess
Mercedes, an Amsterdam merchant came to Madrid with twelve Diamonds
which, he said, lie was commissioned to sell by an owner who wished
his name to be kept secret. Competent authorities have, upon careful exami-
nation, pronounced them to be the long lost Mazarins.
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
155
any other mode. This style of cutting was intro-
duced by Yincenzio Rerazzi (or Vincente Perggi,)
of Venice, in the latter end of the 17th century.
: The Brilliant is formed of two truncated pyramids
by a common base ; the upper pyramid being much
more deeply truncated than the lower ; the upper
side of the stone presenting a table of 32 facets
inclined under different angles, and the underside,
25 facet. The correspondence between the upper
and lower facets is arranged so as to multiply the
reflection and refraction." Some explanation is
necessary to render the technical names of tho
several parts of a cut Diamond intelligible to the
lay reader. “ The plane surface at the top is called
the table ; the bottom plane is called the culet or
culette; the junction of the upper truncated pyra-
mid with the lower is the girdle ; and the lower
pointed portion is called the pavilion. The facets
arc small triangular spaces or planes.” The Brilli-
ant is said to be single, double or old English cut
(otherwise called the star single-cut ), according to
the number of facets. The English cutters make the
girdle rather sharp but the Dutch make it broader.
Brillondts are tlioso stones which are cut as Brilli-
ants on the surface but have neither culette nor
girdle. These are very rare.
The “ Rose” cut has been in use since 1520 and
resembles an opening rose-bud. It is formed by
covering the rounded surface of the stone with
equilateral triangles, placed base to base, making
—
A TREATISE ON GEMS. 157 .
the figure of a rhomb. The number of facets to-
gether with their position determines the different
names of the Rose. Thus 24 facets make a Dutch
Rose ; the same number, but less raised, a Brilliant
Rose ; 3G facets, a Rose Recoupde &c. The circular
stones are best suited for “ Rose” cutting.
The Table-cut is made of those stones which, with
considerable breadth, are of very trifling depth. It
is produced by a scries of diminishing four-sided
planes below the girdle.
Lasques are formed from flat or veiny Diamonds
and are said to be manufactured in India. The
Indian cut has according to some, an upper part,
lower part, and girdle. Its usual form is that of
a single-cut Brilliant. But as the effects produced
arc not of much consequence, the stones are ge-
nerally re-cut.
The point-cut was well known to Kentman who
wrote in 1562. Some precious stones may either be
cut as four-sided pyramids, or are so formed by
polishing the faces of the octahedron and making
them exactly true and regular. This style is only
found in old ornaments.
Engraving.
According to Blum, the discovery of the art of
engraving the Diamond is assigned to Ambrosius
Caradosso, a Milanese, and engraver to the Mint of
Pope Julius II. He is said, in the year 1500, to have
executed upon a Diamond tlie figure of a Father of
the church. But Paolo Morigia gives the credit of the
discovery to Trezzo, the famous cameo-artist of
Milan and asserts that liis first attempt was the Coat
of Arms of the Emperor Charles V. Clement Bira-
go, a pupil of his, is known to have engraved upon a
Diamond a portrait of Don Carlos, intended as a
betrothal present to Anna, the daughter of the Em-
peror Maximilian II. He is also said to have en-
graved on Diamond the Spanish Arms as a signet for
the same prince. One Jacobus Thronus (believed
to be a Hollander) engraved on a Diamond, tbe Arms
of Mary, Queen of Scots. Among tbe Hope preci-
ous stones, there were several engraved Diamonds.
One of these bad the bust of the Emperor Leopold I
on a large Table-Diamond. Costanzi, who flourish-
ed at Borne in the beginning of the 18 th century, is
known to have executed several engravings on Dia-
monds, prominently amongst them, a Lcda and the
heads of Antonius and Nero.
In the collection of Her Most Gracious Majesty,
our Empress, is preserved the signet-ring of Charles
II, when he was the Prince of Wales ; the device
of which is the ostrich plumes between the letters
C and P, very neatly cut upon a large yellow Dia-
mond, a table \ x % inch in dimensions, quaintly
fashioned into a heater-shaped seven-sided shield.
Louis Sines, gold-smith to Louis XV, is also said to
have done some engravings, one of which is re-
ported to be a very minute head of Julia, (daughter
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
159
of Titus,) executed upon tlic upper table of a regu-
larly cut Brilliant.
The price of Diamond. Its jldiv4 and defects ;
mode of tesfjtqf' i-;! ;
' I i i*. \ ) I | • •
' i >* • 1 • I • | * I • ' i
Tub price of Diamond, as of any other com-
modity, depends entirely upon' Vile 'l'aw of supply
and demand. It is therefore well nigh impossible
to fix a price which would bo a safe guide to the
intending purchaser, for all times. Approximate
prices can, however, be given, when the market is
supposed to be normal. In no other object of
commerce, there are so many faults and imitations,
of which the inexperienced should beware, as
in Diamonds and other precious stones. The value
depends materially upon the degree of perfection
in which the articles are found when offered for
sale. Amongst the most frequent faults are (1)
feathers , i.e , little rents or fissures in the inside of
the stone. (2) clouds , i.e., gray, brown, and white
specks, which look very much like clouds. These
give great deal of trouble when working the stone.
(3) sands, or little seed-like bodies within the stone,
of white, brown and red color. These are also
called dusts, when very fine and found in large
number in a stone.
A Diamond, wanted to be sold to the best advan-
tage, must be perfectly free from the faintest tinge
of color of any sort ; must have no flaws, or
specks or fissures in any part ; must be bright and
lively and free from what is technically called
“ milk ” or “ salt,” which are semi-opaque imper-
fections in the body of the stone. To ascertain if
any of the above flaws exists, the stone should be
breathed on until its lustre is temporarily destroyed
and then the imperfections will be apparent. The
stone must also be well-proportioned and properly
cut. Even to the least experienced, the lustre of
a Diamond when cut is sufficient to establish its
identity. Somo colorless Topazes, Emeralds, Sap-
phires and the white Zircon have sometimes been
passed off as Diamonds. If the surface of the
stone be the least scratched by the action of a fine \
file, it is not a Diamond. The rays of the sun
easily pass through other gems, but in the Diamond
they arc refracted by the surface, which causes the
superior brilliancy. According to Mr. Milburn, if
the coating of a rough Diamond be smooth and
bright with a little tinge of green in it, it is not
bad ; but if there is a tincture of yellow with the
green, it is a soft, greasy stone, and will turn out
bad. Though the specific weight of the Diamond
is nearly tho same as that of the Topaz, the one
can be distinguished from the other by its electri-
cal properties. The Topaz retains its electric
powers several hours after it has been developed
by friction, ■whereas the Diamond loses it in the
course of half an hour. The Diamond can, by its
weight, be distinguished from colorless Corundums,
A TREATISE ON GEMS
101
whose weight exceeds that of the former in the
| proportion of 8 to 7.
The jewellers of old used the “ tincture” test to
distinguish the real Diamond from the spurious, of
which so many were then current, as the white
Sapphire, the Citrine Beryl, and the Crystal cut
into a pyramid. This tincture was a varnish made
of ivory-black and mastich applied to the back of
the stone, which, if it was a real Diamond, became
all the more brilliant on account of this back
j ground ; if any other gem, it became dull and lustre-
I less showing the black through its substance.
Some used the oil exuding from a roasted grain of
wheat darkened with ivory-black, others backed the
stone with a bit of black silk. The “ Novas Minas”
white Topaz of Brazil, known there as the “ Slave’s
! Diamond,” is now the only stone which has any
| chance of being passed off for a Diamond. Though
\ it is very hard and brilliant, it very much lacks
\ “ the Adamantine lustre and iridescence.”
The terms, first water, second water, mean only
first and second quality. Perfect Diamonds should
be as clear as drops of the purest water ; and they
I are of the second and third water, according to the
degree of clearness in them, until decidedly yellow
or brown, when they come under the category of
colored stones. These colored Diamonds, on score
of their rarity, are sold at fancy price.
Diamonds are generally valued per carats and
it is necessary to explain the term. The word is
u
1C
102
THE DIAMOND.
probably derived from the name of a bean, the fruit
of a kind of Erythina, which grows in Africa. The
tree which gives this fruit is termed by the natives
“ Kuara” or the sun. These fruits, when dried,
were afterwards imported into India and here used
for weighing the Diamond. They have now been
universally adopted.
... 1 carat.
... 1 penny-weight.
... 1 ounce troy.
But a carat is not of the same weight in all
countries ; for instance, in England it is equal to
205,4090 milligrams; in France, 205,5000; in
Borneo, L 05,000 ; in Madras, 207,3533, &c. &c.&c.
The following is an approximate price-list as
given by standard authorities.
Diamonds below 2 grains.
4 grains make
0 carats or 24 grains
151-g carats
Inferior, from
Medium
Good ...
Fine
If over 2 grains, Fine
Over 3 grains
Of one carat
£ 4 to £ G
£ G to £ 8
£ 8 to £10
£10 to £12
£12 to £15
£15 to £20
£20 to £23
per carat.
But the valuing of rough Diamonds is not to be
made according to the above standard. The form
and proportion of the crystal must first be taken into
consideration, for, on these only, the loss of weight
in cutting chiefly depends. Then, care must also
be taken to distinguish the degrees of color and
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
1G3
the purity of the specimen. The best forms to
select would be the octrahcdral and the rhombo-
dodecahedral. In valuing large rough Diamonds
and specially those that came from the Cape, the
fact should always be remembered that tints of
color may be brought out in the cutting of a stone,
which do not at all appear in its rough state ; per-
fect polish and the power of reflection natural
to the stone intensify any tint of yellow existing
in it.
The Supernatural and Medicinal Properties
attributed to the Diamond.
Tue mythology of all nations in the world attri-
butes supernatural influence to almost every thing
in nature. Trees and fields, temples and stones,
mountains and rivers, — all were supposed to be the
abode of good or evil spirits. Anselm Boece De
Boot, physician to the Emperor llodolph and Maxi-
milian II, wrote in 1664, as follows : “ Erom their
purity, beauty, and brilliancy, it is most probable,
gems were selected as receptacles for good spirits,
even as filthy, stinking and frightful places are usu-
ally the abodes chosen for evil and unclean spirits.”
Diamond being of all stones, the purest, hardest
and most brilliant, it was naturally considered to
be the most powerful in spiritual influence. It
was consecrated to all that was holy and heavenly,
and was known to have been a powerful charm,
and, when under the influence of the planet Mars,
164
TITE DIAMOND.
productive of great success. For many centuries
past it was thought to be a most potent talisman
against poison, pestilence, witchery, insanity, evil
spii'its and night-mare. It was esteemed a safe-
guard to virtue. Though it had the power of
preventing evils, as above stated, on external appli-
cation, (i.e. if worn,) it had a quite disastrous effect,
if taken internally. Diamond-dust had such a fa-
tal poisonous property that nothing could save the
unfortunate who swallowed it. The Diamond was also
supposed to bestow victory, fortitude and strength
of mind. It softened wrath and strengthened
wedded love ; hence it was called the stone of re-
conciliation. It was also an infallible test of con-
jugal fidelity. A Diamond placed under the pil-
low of a married lady, without her knowledge,
would make her reveal, during sleep, any secrets
of her life, which she might have to conceal from
her husband. Though it was believed to he in-
combustible, its lustre and other properties were
supposed to be affected by heat. Ilence, perhaps,
the ancient practice of taking Diamond rings off
the finger at bedtime, and putting them in a cup
of cold water or on a marble, or some other cool
surface. To the Ancients, Diamond represented
inexorable justice and immutable fate. Hence the
judges of the Hades were described as having
hearts and bosoms of Adamant, The clouds which
covered Destiny were also described as being of
Adamant. To the moderns, it is a symbol of inno-
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
1G5
cence, constancy, faith, strength, &c., &c. A gem,
(supposed to have been a Diamond), worn in the
girdle, by Aaron, the High Priest, had, according
to a Jewish legend, marvellous properties. It
would become dark and dim, if brought into con-
tact with a man, actually guilty : if the accused
was really innocent, it would shine on with in-
creased brilliancy. If the sins of the Hebrews
were to be punished with death, the stone would
put on a bloody color. But the most absurd and
unique virtue, attributed to Diamond — and to no
other gem — was the power of multiplying its
species. Boetius De Boot makes serious men-
tion of a lady who possessed two hereditary Dia-
monds, which produced several others and thus
left a generation.
CELEBRATED DIAMONDS.
The Koh-i-noor.
Perhaps there is no other jewel in the world
which is so much renowned for its antiquity and for
the interesting romance with which it is connected
as the Koh-i-noor. It is so old that some attribute
: its ownership to Kama, the king of Anga, who first
discovered it near Masulipatam, in the bed of the
Godavery, 5000 years ago. Other traditions speak
of R,ajah Vikramaditya of Oujien (56 B. C.), as
having been the happy possessor of it. All subse-
quent trace of this stone was lost till it was taken
in
r
160
TIIE DIAMOND.
from the king of Malwa by Ala-ooddecn, in 1304.
After the defeat of the Pathans by the Moguls in
1520, it remained in possession of the latter till the
invasion of Nadir Shah. When Nadir Shah came
to take possession of Delhi, Mahamood Shah, the
then Emperor, had to give up every valuable thing
in his treasury, except this jewel, which he used to
keep concealed in his turban, A woman in the
harem betrayed this fact to Nadir, who, strongly
bent upon having it, planned a grand festival in
which both the conqueror and the conquered were
to meet and swear friendship. Nadir Shah pro-
posed an exchange of turbans and thus managed
to get possession of the stone. It was he who gave
it the name Koh-i-noor , or the “mountain of light. 3 ’
Prom him it descended to his son, from whom
Ahmed Shah, the founder of the Cabul dynasty, suc-
ceeded in getting it, by professing friendship in
his time of distress. Shah Shujab, the son and
successor of Ahmed Shah, being driven out of his
kingdom by his brother, Mahmood, took away tbe
Koh-i-noor with him and made it the companion of
his exile. Runjeet Sing, the celebrated “ Lord of
the live rivers, 3 * contrived to get him at Lahore,
where he was at once put to prison and given
to understand that his release could be effected if
he would part with the jewel. Suffering with his
wife and family, all sorts of privation and misery at
the hands of Runjeet, Shah Shujah at last consented
to make over the thing to him. This was done on
the 1st June, 1813. Struck with the brilliancy of
the stone, Runjeet asked him, “ at what rate do
you value it to which he replied, “ good fortune :
and that is always the property of those who had
vanquished their enemies.” The Diamond was now
set in a bracelet and was always worn by Itunjeet.
People attached bad luck to the possessor of this
stone, for it would appear that all who had it in
their hands subsequently came to grief, and an
attempt was therefore made to make it over to the
idol Juggernath of Puri. This was never done and
it was occasionally worn by his successors. After
the murder of Shu Sing, it was deposited in the
Lahore treasury, until Dullip Sing, (the son of
Runjeet), was stationed at Lahore with an English
Regent. When Punjab was annexed to the British
Crown, all the state-jewels of Lahore were con-
fiscated by the East India Company. It was
stipulated that the Koh-i-noor should be presented
to tbc Queen. It reached Her Majesty on the 3rd
June 1850 and then weighed 186 carats. Its
original weight, when it was with Arungzebe, was
793 carats. This reduction was due to the unskil-
fulness of Ilortensio Borgio, a Venetian lapidary,
who had been entrusted with the cutting of it. The
Emperor had been so much displeased with his work
that instead of paying for all his labors, he dispos-
sessed him of his property and -was with great
difficulty persuaded to leave him his head. This
stone created quite a sensation in the great
Exibition of 1851, where it was valued at 14,00,000
j of Rupees. The re-cutting of this stone being
I thought necessary, Herr Voorsanger of Amsterdam
was selected to do it. The operation (conducted by
steam) which commenced on the 6th July, was
completed at the end of 38 days of 12 hours each,
| and is said to have cost 80,000 Rs. The Koh-i-noor
j has now assumed the form of a regular cut Brilli-
\ ant, weighing 10 G | carats and is one of the princi-
pal jewels in the British Crown.
The Great Mogul.
Tnis stone is often confounded with the Koh-i-
noor. It is reported to have been found in or
about 1650, in the Coloor mines, a place about 7
days’ journey from Golconda. Mcer Joomla, by birth
a Persian, was tlie Grand Vizier and General to the
King of Golconda, He had amassed enormous
wealth, (principally by farming, under other names,
the Diamond mines of the place,) and thus made
himself the eye-sore of his master, who bad on
one occasion openly threatened his life. The
Vizier sought and obtained the aid of Prince
Aurungzebe, then Governor of the neighbouring
provinces, and with his co-operation, surprized the
King of Golconda and was about to make him
surrender when the Prince was re-called by liis
father the Emperor Shah Jehan. Meer Joomla in-
gratiated liimsclf into the favor of the great Emper-
or by making him magnificent presents, amongst
~71j®
A TREATISE ON GEMS. 169 **%)
which was the “ Great Mogul.” Tavernier relates
that he saw this Diamond at the Court of |
Aurungzebe, and that it weighed at that time
787£ carats. It was at this stage of its history
that the stone has come to he confounded with the
Koh-i-noor. The same story about the cutting
by Borgio, about Nadir Shah’s trick in obtaining \
it, &c., is repeated in connection with this Diamond.
Some conjecture that Tavernier has described one i
large stone as having been seen by him in the |
Court of Aurunzebe. If there had been another
of the same weight and size, it must have surely
been noticed by him. Hence it is thought that the
Koli-i-noor and the Great Mogul are merely conver-
tible names. Others suppose that the Great Mogul
was a personal present to the Emperor Shah Jehan
and most naturally it remained in his possession
when he was in prison, — at the time of Tavernier’s
visit, and that consequently that traveller had no
opportunity of examining it. They further believe
in its existence amongst the regalia of the Persian
Crown and in its having been designated there as
the “ Derya-noor,” or “ the ocean of light.” 13ut
the drawings of the Shah’s Diamonds which have
lately been sent up to England, do not confirm this \
assertion. There has another theory been started
which makes Borgio cut up the big stone into three;
the one of which is now known as the Koh-i-noor ;
the other, as the Great Mogul, and the third was
captured amongst the jewels of some petty Indian j
v
170 THE DIAMOND.
Chief. But tlie description which Tavernier gives
of the character of the stone he saw, differs materi-
ally from the actual character of the Koh-i-noor,
tc It was circular, rose-cut, very deep, of fine water,
with hut one little crack externally and one flaw
internally and the work upon it that of an European
lapidary ; whereas the Koh-i-noor was in outline an
irregular ellipse, facetted to no definite pattern,
very flat, exhibited no more water than a bit of
rock crystal, had several flaws, besides a large
deficiency or fracture at one end and rude grooves
cut in the sides, whilst all the work upon it was of
that peculiar character, which the least experienced
eye would detect at once as that of a Hindu
$ Diamond-cutter.”
There is one Diamond of the name of Derya-noor
which is said to bo in the possession of Nawab
l Abdool Gunny of Dacca, East Bengal, but whether
\ it is identical with its great name-sake, we are
| not in a position to state.
The Pitt or Me gent Diamond,
If not the largest, the Pitt or Piegent "Diamond
is generally looked upon as the most perfect and
beautiful Diamond in existence, remarkable alike
for its shape, proportion and fine water. It weigh-
ed 410 carats in its original state. According to
the story with which its history is connected, it
was found by a slave at Puteal (about 135 miles
A TREATISE ON GEMS,
171
from Golconda) and kept concealed in the calf of
one of his legs which he had purposely wounded and
bandaged, for its reception. An English sailor
promised to find a purchaser for it, provided he
was paid half the value. But bent upon having
the whole of the proceeds to himself, he lured the
poor slave on hoard his ship and pitched him over
the water. This Diamond was sold by him to a
celebrated Parsee merchant named Jamchand, for
the sum of 10,000 Rupees. Jamchand sold it, in
1701, to Mr. Thomas Pitt (grand-father of the Earl
of Chatham,) the then Governor of Port St.
George, Madras, for 1,25,000 Rupees. The opera-
tion of cutting it into a perfect Brilliant, which was
finished in two years, reduced its weight to I36f
carats and cost him Rs. 50,000 ; 35,000 of which,
however, was recovered by selling the fragments. The
Duke of Orleans, Regent of France, bought it of
Pitt for 13,50,000 Rupees. This Diamond was
stolen from the Garde-meuble in 1792, but was
restored to its possessor most mysteriously. The
Republic then pledged it to a Berlin merchant from
whom it was again redeemed. The Emperor
Napolean I. used to wear it in the pommel of his
sword and always considered it to be the kev-stone
to all his future greatness. It was shown in the
French Exhibition of 1855.
The Orloff or Amsterdam Diamond.
This stone formed, according to one account, one
of the eyes of a Hindu God, and was stolen away
M,
TUB DIAMOND.
by a French Grenadier of Pondicherry, who had,
with that object in view, taken refuge with the
Brahmins and professed their faith for some time.
It was afterwards sold for Rs. 20,000 to an English
sea-captain who resold it to a Jew for 1,20,000 Rs.
again, sold it to the Armenian merchant
Shafras from whom it was purchased at Amsterdam,
in or about 1772, by Prince Orloif, for presentation
to Catherine II, at 9,00,000 of Rupees and a life-an-
nuity of JO, 000 Rupees and the grant of a
Russsian nobility to the seller. Another account
says that it was one of the stones taken away by
Nadir Shah from the Moguls ; that it had a pro-
minent place in his throne ; and that it had, after
Ins assassination, passed into the hands of one of
his Alfghan Generals and thence to the Armenian
merchant Shafras. This stone resembles in its out-
line the “ Great Mogul,” as described by Tavernier,
so closely, that, hut for the difference in the weight,
it may be taken for that long lost Diamond. A
third account supposes it to have been brought to
Russia by Lazarus Lazareff, the head of the
Armenian family of that name, and grand-son of
Manouk Lazareff, treasurer to Shah Abas II.
Hence it is called by some the " Lazareff ” Diamond.
It is now placed in the Russian Imperial sceptre
and weighs 19f j carats, and, like the Koli-i-noor,
has the underside flat and is rose-cut. Its size is
about that of a pigeon’s egg. The water is of a
rather yellowish tinge.
The Nassuck Diamond.
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
173
This stone was originally found among the
spoils captured from the Mahrattas at the con-
quest of Deccan, under the command of the
Marquis of Hastings. It was then as large as a
good-sized walnut and weighed 89f carats. But
when rc-cut, in London, as a Brilliant, by order of its
proprietor, the Marquis of Westminster, it weighed
78| carats. It is very bright and pure hut is yery
badly shaped. The East India Company had sold
it to Messrs. 11 an dell and Bridge, who, on their
retirement, sold it by auction to a jeweller for
72,000 Bs., though it was valued at three lacs.
This stone is said to have been found at Golconda
and is now almost in its primitive condition. It
weighs 340 carats. It was by some ominous
accident broken asunder in the year of the Indian
Mutiny.
Cosboes, the younger son of Abass Mirza Shah,
of Persia, presented this stone to Emperor Nicholas
of Russia. It weighs 86 carats and is perfectly
pure and brilliant. It is only partially cut ; many
of its natural oetahedra being preserved. The
interest of this stone is enhanced by
The Nizam.
The Shah of Persia.
THE DIAMOND*
i?
inscription it bears of its former owners, engraved
as follows : —
Ek-bek Shak,
All that is known of this stone is that it was
found in the possession of Ibrahim Pacha. It
weighs 40 carats ; is of an octagonal form, Brilliant-
cut and of very good quality.
This stone belongs to the Rajah of Mattam,
Borneo, and is at present the largest Diamond
known ; its weight being 367 carats. It was found
at Landak, Borneo, in the year 1787. It is egg-
shaped ; is of pure water and has a small indenta-
tion at the short end. Notwithstanding the many
battles fought for it, this precious stone is still in
the possession of the Rajah. The Dutch Governor
of Batavia offered for it five lacs of Rupees, and two
men-of-war, with stores and ammunitions complete ;
but the owner refused to part with it on any ac-
count, considering it to be a talisman, on the
possession of which depended the fortune and
hapiness of his family. The Malay ese believe that
all kinds of disease can be cured by means of the
water in which this Diamond has been steeped.
Nizih Shak,
Eeth Ali Shak,
Its shape is that of a long prism.
The Pmha of Egypt.
The Mattam Diamond.
»!§>
A TREATISE ON GEMS. 175 o
The Sancy Diamond.
The early history of the Sancy Diamond is not
minutely traceable. According to some, it came
from India and, in 1479, fell into the hands of the
King of Portugal, Don Antonio, who, on the occa-
sion of his visit to England, made with the purpose
of securing assistance in prosecuting his claims to
the throne, which was then in the possession of the
Spaniards, pledged it with Queen Elizabeth for
£ 5,000 sterling. To avoid further importunities
from the Portugese Pretender for more money, the
Queen returned the Diamond to him, giving up all
claims to the sum she had advanced. This stone
was subsequently sold by him to Nicholas de
Harlay, Baron de Sancy, a Huguenot, gentleman.
From this owner the stone has assumed the name
“Sancy.” It was borrowed of the Baron by
Henry IV of France. The messenger sent in
charge of this valuable stone was waylaid and
murdered by robbers, but, acting up to previous
arrangements, he managed to elude them, by
swallowing it. It was afterwards taken out of his
stomach by the Baron, in whose family it remained
for more than a century. It was next traced to
James II of England, who, in his exile (1688)
carried it to France. There it was sold to Louis
XIV for 2,50,000 Rupees. Louis XV wore it in
the clasp of his hat, at his coronation. In the
French revolution of 1792, along with various
176
THE DIAMOND.
other Crown jewels of France, the Sancy was lost,
until 1830, when it was found in the possession of
a French merchant. In 1838, the Prince Paul
Demidoff bought it at 7,50,000 Rupees. In 1865
Messrs. Garrads of London purchased it of the
Demidoff family, for the late Sir Jamsetjee Jee-
jeebhoy of Bombay, at two lacs of Rupees.
This stone is almond-shaped, of very fine water
and weighs 53^ carats. The cut is evidently
Indian.
Charles the Bold’s Diamond.
According to some, the Sancy is quite a distinct
thing from what is called Charles the Bold’s
Diamond. Those who confuse the one with the
other, say that the Sancy, after it was brought
from India, fell first into the hands of Charles the
Bold, Duke of Burgundy, and then into those of
the king of Portugal. Those who want to establish
a separate indentity for “ Charles the Bold’s
Diamond,” affirm that this was one of the three
Diamonds wliieh Charles the Bold had given to
Louis de Ber quern to be experimented upon in
rose- cutting. After the defeat at Granson, the
Duke’s Diamond was found by a common soldier,
enclosed in a valuable box. Prefering to have the
latter, the soldier threw away the stone, but subse-
quently changing Ins mind, picked it out from
under a waggon and sold it for a florin to a priest
who, in his turn, sold it to a citizen of Berne for
A TREATISE ON GEMS. 177
three francs. Jacques Fugger, a famous merchant,
of the N uremburg family, bought it of the Bernese
Government. From this family it came into the
hands of Henry VIII, whose daughter Queen Mary,
brought it, in her dower, to Phillip II. TV o have
j already noticed that a large Diamond Avas pledged
by Don Antonio with Queen Elizabeth, and from
this portion of the history, the Sancy, (which Avas
\ evidently the stone pledged by Antonio) is con-
founded with the Burgundian JeAvel. It Avas a
S matter of utter impossibility for the latter to have
passed into the hands of Antonio — one, who Avas
known to have been the mortal enemy of Phillip’s.
By a strange chance, it came back to the great-
grand-son of its original owner, Charles the Duke
of Burgundy. Its present whereabouts are un-
known.
(
The Florentine Brilliant.
Tnis stone was, according to a tradition, bought
for a trifle at a curiosity stall in Florence, being
then considered as nothing more thau a yellow
crystal. The history of this stone is sometimes
confounded with that of Charles the Bold’s. The
same story regarding its being found by a soldier
and sold by him to a priest is also repeated in con-
nection with the history of this stone. The tact is,
Charles the Bold had three Diamonds of very great
beauty and value, and it appears that the history
\ of the two is confused with one another. The
third is the Sancy. TYc have already noticed the
l€
178
THE DIAMOND.
story in connection with what we have called
Charles the Bold’s Diamond. The story about the
other stone, which we will designate as the Floren-
tine Brilliant differs from that of the other, from
the point, where the gem was sold by the priest.
Instead of its being purchased by Bugger (as in
the case of the other stone), the story makes it
come into the hands of a rich Bernese merchant,
Bartholomew May. In 1482, it was sold to a G enoese,
who, in his turn, sold it to Ludovico Sforza the
Moor, Duke of Milan, for 11,000 ducats. After
the fall of the house of Sforza, this stone came
into the possession of Pope Julius II, who present-
ed it to the Emperor of Austria. It is also called
the Grand Duke of Tuscany or the £( Austrian
Yellow,” owing to its decidedly yellow color, not-
withstanding which, it is valued at 10,50,000 Es.
It is cut as a double -rose and weighs 139 1 carats.
The Bragcmza.
This stone was discovered in Brazil, in 1741, and
weighed, in its rough state, 1680 carats. It is of
the size of a hen’s egg, of deep yellow color and
is reported to be valued at 58,35,00,000 Rupees.
But doubts are entertained as to its being a Dia-
mond, it being generally believed to be a white
Topaz, and as the Portuguese Government, of
whose Crown Jewels it forms a part, would not
suffer it to be cut or even examined, there is very
little chance of the doubts being cleared up.
A TREATISE ON GEMS
The Tigott Diamond.
This stone was taken away from India by Lord
Pigott. Over fifty years ago it was sold in a
lottery for three lacs of Rupees and was subse-
quently bought by Messrs. Rundell & Co. for
00,000 Rupees. When sold to the Pacha of Egypt,
it fetched 3 lacs of Rupees again. It is Brilliant-
cut, of a beautiful shape and weighs 82^ carats.
The name of the present owner is not known.
The Hope Diamond.
A detailed account of this stone has already
been given under the heading of “ Coloured Dia-
monds.” This beautiful and most important blue
Diamond was supposed to have been taken from
India by Tavernier and sold to the French Govern-
ment, wherefrom it was stolen, during the Revolu-
tion. It was subsequently traced to Mr. Eliason
and from him to Mr. H. T. Hope. Its original
weight was 112 T * T carats ; when stolen from the
French Regalia, it was 67 ; and being subsequent-
ly re-cut as a Brilliant and thereby reduced by
cleavage, (which has given us its counter-part, the
blue Drop Diamond,) it weighed 44J carats. It
figured a great deal in the Great Exhibition of
1851.
The Eugenie Brilliant.
This perfect Brilliant was purchased by the late
Emperor Napolean III, and given to the Empress
180
THE DIAMOND.
Eugenie. We are not certain whether it is still
in her possession, as the greatest portion of her
valuable jewelry has been sold to His Highness
the late Maharajah of Puttiala, through Messrs.
Hamilton & Co., Jewellers, of Calcutta. It is
of an oval shape and blunt at one end and weighs
51 carats.
The Cumberland Diamond.
This stone was bought by the City of London
for a lac of Rupees and presented to the Duke of
Cumberland, after the battle of Culloden. It. was
one of the stones claimed by the Hanover Crown,
to whom it has been restored by our Most Gracious
■ Majesty. Its weight is 32 carats. \
| The iS’ar of the South. \
This is the largest Diamond ever found in Brazil.
It was found in July 1853, hv a poor Negro who
i was at work in the mines of Bogagen, in the pro-
| vinee of Minas- Gemes. When rough, it weighed
25 14 carats, but the cutting of it into a Brilliant
has reduced it to 125 carats. It is*a Diamond of •
the purest water and under light exhibits a
lovely rose-tint. It was purchased by M. Ilalpen,
or according to some writers, by Mr. Coster of \
Amsterdam, who is also reported to have cut it.
It was shown in the London and Paris Exhibitions.
The Polar Slav.
This Brilliant was at one period owned in Eng-
land, hut is now to he found among the Russian
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
181
Crown J ewels. It is remarkable for its purity and
lustre, and is said to weigh 40 carats.
Other large Diamonds.
The Portuguese Crown possesses many large and
brilliant Diamonds, foremost among which is a Bra-
zilian stone found in 1775 by a Negro, in the bed
of the River Abaite, near llio Plata. The following
is the romance connected with the discovery. Three
Brazilians, convicted of some high misdemeanour
were banished to the interior of Brazil, for life.
These unfortunates used to beguile their time by
searching for valuable matter. One day they came
to the River Abaite, the bed of which had lain dry
for sometime, owing to scarcity of rain. There
they chanced to see a Diamond, nearly an ounce
in weight, which, with the help of a priest, was
taken to the Governor of Villa Rica. All the
officers of this place having been satisfied as
to the nature of the stone, the Governor restored
the exiles to freedom and had the gem sent to
Rio do Janiero and thence to Lisbon. Its weight
O
was then 138 J- carats. Some conjceturcrs connect
this story with the discovery of the “ Star of the
South,” with which they identify this stone.
Some very large Diamonds have come from the
Cape. One was the “ Star of South Africa,”
weighing in the rough 8 3. 7 carats and after cutting,
464. The largest stone yet discovered here is Avhat
is now famous as the “ Stewart Diamond,” which
>
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>
1
>
l
;
>
>
\
;
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>
1
3
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weighed in the rough state 288| carats. It was
consigned to Messrs. Pittar Leverson & Co., who
have also in their possession the so-called “ Ply
Diamond” which was also discovered in this place
hy one Antonie. The “ Dudley Diamond” weigh-
ing about 46 carats is another important stone,
come from the Cape. It is triangular in shape, very
brilliant, perfectly free from color and very diffi-
cult of distinction from an old Indian stone. It
was sold hy Messrs. Hunt and Roskell to tho pre-
sent Earl of Dudley.
The Brazilian Government is in possession of
some very large and curious stones.
The Spanish Government is also very rich in
Diamonds and other jewels.
In the Russian Treasury is a brilliant Ruby-co-
lored Diamond of 10 carats, bought by Paul I, for
1,00,000 roubles.
Mr. Dresden, a London merchant, possesses a
drop -shaped Diamond ; one of the finest stones at
present in the market. It was lately found at
Brazil ; is perfectly free from flaws and has extra-
ordinary brilliancy. It weighs 76 carats.
In the “ Green Yaults” at Dresden, there is a
green Diamond which once belonged to Augustus
the Strong. It is remarkably beautiful and weighs
48^ carats. Here are also some very beautiful
parures, and four very valuable yellow Brilliants,
the largest of which weighs 117^ and the smallest
52b grains respectively.
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
There are two large Diamonds with the Turkish
Government, one of which is of 84 and the other
of 14-7 carats in weight.
There are several Diamonds of more or less bril-
liance and weight, in Burmak and China ; also in
the possession of some of the native princes and
noblemen, in India (especially at Ilydrabad, Baroda
and Puttiala.) There are some very beautiful and
costly Diamonds in Bengal, particularly, some with
the Maharajah of Burdwan, Nawab Abdool Gunny
; C.S.I. of Dacca'" and Maharani Surnomoye of Cos-
simbazar.f Some of the rich families in Calcutta
have Diamonds, conspicuous alike for their size
and brilliance ; amongst which may be mentioned
the stones set in finger-rings, belonging to the
estates of Babu Rally Kissen Tagore, $ Coomars Raj
| Coomar Roy and Rally Kissen Roy, and the late
Babu Khelut Ckunder Ghose. There arc some very
good Diamonds in the Mullick Family. There
are also some valuable Kanthas or necklaces, to
be found with the natives of this country,
; amongst which may be cited those in the posses-
sion of Rai Dhunput Singh Bahadoor of Azimgunj,
Rai Budridas Mokeem ( Jeweller to His Excellen-
cy the Viceroy and Governor-General of India)
and of the estate of the late Babu Khelut Cliunder
Ghose.
\
* Used by the Nawab’s son as an armlet.
i t Also with Joshee jee of Beuares, and in the estate of the late Jug-
gut Sett of Moorshedabad.
J This Diamond shows a rosy color.
184
TIIE DIAMOND.
Several remarkable Diamonds are to be seen
in tlie estate of the Hon’ble Maharajah Jotcendro
Mohun Tagore Bahadoor, of Calcutta. Amongst
those that are set in rings may be i
tioned the “ Tagore Brilliant ,” a Diamond
about 55 Itatis* in weight, of the purest v
and very great brilliance, free from any f
whatever ; the “ Sukh-tdrd” ( or the Mor
Star), very white and of a round shape ; the J
dhatl (the Sanskrit name for a certain star), fla:
and of exquisite beauty and purity ; and
JBanga-tdrA, (or the star of Bengal,) rose-cu
great lustre, and of a lovely rose-tint ; withou
slightest spot or flaw in it. There is a bril
Cape Diamond, (also set in a ring,) circula
shape and weighing about 31 Itatis. The ]
Diamond of about 50 Itatis, which is set ii
Seerpaich or head-ornament of the Maharaja!
specimen of rare beauty. A splendid gre<
Diamond, belonging, according to the jeweller
the Bunsput species, (which are believed to 1
good luck to the owner,) bought of the late So
Johury, adorns the crown of the Maharajah’s fa
idol. There is also in the Maharajah’s estate a i
nificent Icanthd, consisting of 19 brilliant Diana
the largest of which weighs about 37 Itatis am
smallest, about 6. It has been valued by
jewellers at 80,000 Rupees.
* A Rati is oue-eiglith less than a carat.
A TREATISE ON OEMS.
There is also in the possession of the Ilon’ble
Maharajah a red Diamond, called tlio “ Cingalese
Red,” set in a ring, and weighing about 10 rath.
The stone is so red that no layman would know it
for anything else but a Ruby. Rut, in fact, it is
a rare specimen of a Diamond, conspicuous alike
for its brilliancy and flawlessness, and without
having the faintest tinge of what are called the
“ milky” imperfections, so common in the Ruby.
It is said to have been discovered in a mine at Cey-
lon, and to have remained for sometime in the
possession of a respectable family of that place.
Joliurlal Mokeem, son of the late Roodh Sing
Mokeem of Delhi, had this gem brought to him
by a Chulia (petty dealer), and has subsequently
\ sold it to the IEon’ble Maharajah.
1 S 6 nfg f UM l 1
trair i
&L ^
fWt mwfiJit spw qftnrrr I
^wifw ^fw cr^ wrif^T: it n
ftreir g qsr*T**gTfa I
qfa 9RT^rt^<f f *fa*?firfa sr* it B
^jfaferqi %: I
g*3K WX*RT *>* sffaTTfa? inUfffrT 1^8 II
#
(T^STm t
TWTtT^t Tft** qJT* % fap*, ^IWRPT
*$IX f^^vT Of 5 ! *nnifaf wfite q*^T
^VcJT ^ I 1
q%?T %*$?( *t, % fa'**, *amijK
w: g*^; t*r *nft fa* nifaWf ^r*
* 1 ?: ^nrfa ^ » **fa* fa** t^r* qft *xfaqt q*^x
^*T V* , ** ***, qffa T&, 3 iX*qfa
qfr *xfafi q*^T *far f, WBJII qtWT xw> qfk **^*t
qr** t ; *ph: ^iifa**% <rw*q< **t*
vw % it ’rte <rt **q&t *fafar* *>** *‘; ^x
t*r* fax *ifaqt qq^T *fax *\ ***x fat*x
<*fax **, fafa *wt sft**far q>*?r *V| ty^ftU .8 |
RUBY.
Translation.
152. According to some authorities, the ruby is
found in Ceylon and the lands bordering upon
the Indus and the Ravana Ganga.
153 — 154. According to others, ruby quarries are
found in Ceylon, Kalpur and Tumbura. The rubies
of Ceylon are beautifully red ; those of K&lpur are
yellow, and are called kuruvinda, ( rubicelle ) ; and
those of Tumbura are furnished with a blue shade
and are hence called nilagandhi (violet ruby). That
ruby which shoots a gleam green as the leaf of the
asoha goes by the name of saugandliika ( spinel ).
STtf^ l
I
CTO CTO TS&&* TO*b
-Q CT-'t CTO Tl
^lli^ I
(TO cro frosr, '9 ^
srtftcro TOto or^ri *rfa; wurv fwr-
cwc'tMff *rtf*to c?fro ^f%
<Ft*r^ « wftral TOto?
to ; ct TOfUHiftTO ifirt-
(Trt^to to; cfprwt®
^RTl TOlfTO
TO I *fr!>| I
188
ftfurJTT^T I
JT^TJTl
0 \
wrniin^HiR§ 5 t»n: i
iSTTfsftqj^t ^Tf^*nffa^urf-
**rorrc f^’S^ttTKTT^: n H
?rc 5 tmi
5rt wr fftre ftm ^T » vit
* *ir ^*T^T ^ rpax t^TW «t HTfw^i tW^T
4
vtaT #, ^ to?t n wro 3 rn*nn; *nzr*r
*gk ^Rlft*^ *TOrair ^Tlfe flfa *f*W Ttm
■I 1 1 I
^TTM infa* %rT^ ^^iii WW»
°s
^rH ’ETg^ft, %rj^ %qg %rT^
*#t% ^*TR ^ t 3 irTpT ^
UCTC
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
Translation.
155. The rubies of Ceylon are good par excel-
lence, while those of Tumbura are at the bottom of
the scale, the rubies found in K&lpur occupying
the middle position. Rubies vary in value in ac-
cordance with the place where they are respectively
found.
156 — 159. Of rubies, some are like the bandhU
lea * flower, some are like the gunjd berry, some
like the cochineal, some like the China rose, some
like blood, some like the seeds of the pomegranate,
some like the flower of the butea frondosa ,
<m*t <3 vst^t 5 ! ;
^^rr=T ^btI etim i
&
qrraiTq^iTfq WRqwf; I
sft zjtt jtztztt ^IN
i mfcl "TT^T^q^Tt^T: I! \ y '6 II
3 ig«T^r^fircnrftps^
jfrsf^rwr^TOr^WHT^: i
rr^rm zftwr^^qiT^t-
qztrrf^ft fs^Rfoufts^ n it
^fV?r I
i °
\ ^^qq^ffafqqfoimPTT
g^rf^qt tu<JLe n
qirrq ^*tr> %rfq qnqrqwqsi, ^rr,
fr^% wra, %rrp Tf^iqr^ ^fttjt, Tji^ ^ *q.
^ ^ I I I I I
qr^jq l
^X q%T zt^T^T^ WR, qqq ^RR,
q>r£T ^qriqqfaqinr *r?Twir ^q-R, $fR
*rhR qN^qti^tp'qi *rr, q?rR x^xx> ^kr,
q>?R **tr» ^tfqrrTj *rr,
^\x q?R qRfqR^ ^TR q’jrqrqR qz^ q*R»
% 4
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
191
Translation.
some like red lead, some like the red lotus, some
like saffron, some like alalcta ,* some like deep blood,
some like deep alalcta , some like the kusttma flower,
some like alakta with a shade of blue, some like
the flower of asteracantha logi folia and Icantakdrl, f
some like vermilion, some like the eyes of the
Greek partridge, cuculus Indicus, or the Indian
crane, and some like the interior of the half-blown
red water lily.
R*1 G'8*<1 ^TfH, ?5?-
c<Ftf%«r 'e
Ff<l -swfa, <i!Tx srtfcwjfor CTfaR?
^ni
192
<#/«*•
i
C\ ’*'•
UR?: *uht: ^far^^TUTUf I
**T^^wt?l5*^FWTO
^Tlf^^T^IT *TW?rt ^srf^f II ^O (I
ut $ ^fjp^snr
U UU «TT<Tt I
N vJ
U^TUUnitsfa 5f n^r«TRT: H \$% II
*T <J TTUWWTUT «TRT«ir f |
u^rrto*t fw^Twr 5i ^zrffu: ll n
<TOWT I
^7rfcru» *?% -^tc arTfhrH*?
WT^R *nfWqR UU^T ^cfT f , ^*r# 5ERRT
’sffc ^nsr w 3?i? ww mugr
urhs ’f' i %$* i
wt# ti^tt t\xt, t?
uu?t ^>?rr ^tr u¥ tTu, %f%?r
farRUiT %5T ttVt «*TT^I T*. , Ui UsTr^Tf^R
s>z^urtt ’uuf ?r 'srfTro^Tfefirsr urfaui
^UR *lfg 'ftrTT % | \$% I
TRtJRTWTTO Wt f^f%^ <R3T "TffTT **, U¥
uTfaw *rr ^r w t^r Ttmt,
*RR ^fjWRT *lfV lU^ I
\
Translation.
160. The saugandhika resembles the crystal in
brightness, weight and hardness ; and its color is
like that of the red-lotus dashed with blue.
161. Of kuruvinda rubies, that which is reddish,
owes its origin to crystal ; still its inner lustre is
such as even to surpass the brightest padmardga.*
162. The hnruvindas which arc produced in the
Rdmnaganga, are red like the padmardga, but are
not so bright.
I
^?r i vj>° i
TOJ
(TT^'G ■srC'il, ^I'G'
C^F ^ (71) *h<iHG
i
sT^msrttTs (71 ^fsTl
*twrro to, ft1%-
*rt^t =t 1 i vj* i
* A kind of ruby.
Y
194
fffw#* qw wil l$k li
*f ftqn^‘ ^n^^raNr i
onHWsnrwrcrcr qra?«tfta* \\%^% n
cfCsfflT |
srite^T ww ^ ?IW ^ ^
f^TWT «TTfTT ^ I WTOP-fSiTO T^ 5F*rat«r-
**
^WT^I ^W\ cfar^tfe, frroT w
sj £\ O
5BflR> fsrwupt^ ; f*wqiT w ^*ftq 5fifa:%
HTU^r, <3^qrt ; f^re^T v§? v3«v«ni
^Wt ^ i f^RT w ^ ^T?T,
A J y
W ^T^TTK% ^T^T4> WpTj
wit f %*T ; fw^T TW q^^^rii ^rar^r, emt
q^r ; W fq^qi W*TT*T, qfa.rfcji
*N El ^
WWrf <8 I ^ I
w ^fr^Tfri ^t*Tf«T, ;
f^reqn x^ «FTq?tT5Tqt ^*tr, qrai^ ; far^qrr
£\
xw «reT» OT*r» <3Wt ^T^q; f^rqqir x^- g^*r-
^«T% ^4F*fit q’WITT^wfac ; fm<fiF W
?ft«pt% qjqrqi wr^r, ttf^t ; fwqqiT w
qJTFrr, *3qqjV qqHqiTf^qj qi'Wq
# 1^8 1
A TREATISE ON GEMS. 195^^
Translation. j
1G3. Iiubies have different appelations according to \
their colors. That which is like the bdndhuli flower, \
is called bandhnjtbi, that resembling the gunja berry, j
is called sikhanclika, that which is like the cochineal,
is called indragopi, that which resembles the China
rose, is called odrapuslipaka, that which is like hlood,
is called raktdkhya, that which is like the seed of
the pomegranate, is called knttima , that which is like
the kinsulca flower, is called parna, and that which
is like vermilion, is called shnantaka.
IGA That ruby the color of which is like mountain
slime, is called gairikdklnja, that which is like
saffron, is called siirjasanga, that which is like lac,
is called drumdmaya, that which is like the kustmia
flower, is called mahdrdjanagandhi, that which is
like asteracantha longifolia, is called gokshura and
that which is likethe solarium jaquinijs called kanta -
karika (Almandine Ruby.)
'src^rbr i
’srtTtsr f¥?pr? ^rti, wiswi
^CSRT •TfT?T ?< crW’lft,
<rtwrf% ; ^t?r c*rtf ;
^ c ^Ftfw 1^8
*rrfei‘ t
varfSpr fky ^rf'irw* vfa ^rreir a ^y.n
ffwm I
piw g w if%« o * i
frihr ^fifcfiforrat tit |
^^rtttit: ttwiw fw ^ wm If % fo if
^ <i '
f^nr^T w ^15T, ^sft ?r(WTT7T ; f^l^T
TfT ^3sk *T^Nfi WFT»
ftrwr smc^ra^ to,
A TREATISE ON GEMS,
197
Translation,
1G5. The ruby the color of which is vermilion,
is called manirdga, that which resembles the eye
of the Greek partridge, is called chalcardksha, that
which is like the eye of the cuciiliis Indicus, is
called kokildksha , that which is like the egg of
the Indian crane, is called sdrasdkhya, and finally
that which is like the red-lotus, is called kokanada.
The earth produces a splendid variety of the kinds
enumerated above.
1G6. The Andhra country* produces rubies re-
sembling the kuruvinda of Rdvanagangd. These
have the same value as kuruvindas.
1G7. The padmardgas of Tumbura, which
resemble in color crystaline padmardgas, are of
small worth.
C 71 Ff*tt7Rt f^CS’HT >
<rf^T3 ^ TPft, RTOtTO;
FTOi c^tiwra to TOtf^rTO;
FTOl 3 Tt^‘Wt?TF^ ^5*t, ^tTO
FTOf TOs, ^tro toTO-
ft i FfTO srfam
tiro i i
(7i wr
toL (7fc*f ^fR^nr
I i
TO c*fc*r to
<7f wto,^1TOsi Fir , *ri% *r?r Ttrrl <atro i i
* The modern Teliugaua. Its people are called Anclarce by Pliny.
I
1
q^ffw* f^wrm **31 I
'tfilprT *nmi q *nifat ^w^tit: II ^ li
IT^Tftr ^ 5 H^TfrJ^fJ^ 5 I I
T?^r^T^n w^far. fqfq^ qrara: i
^tiN^V qtfs^t qTW^qtqT^msr: ! vs<
sft>?n^*rTq>rc qrf^npTCqqq: I
f%*»: qt^r’qrqT^ftq ^ 4 ?t ii to w
ertSfflT I
wt^t vw, *rr^> ^wiq> ipro^w.
wz qfo q^i, qft qq^wqsi q^T vra^pr
# I i
fsi^xt^TT irg-EEr^t srr^, ^fqw, t^f qjfc ^
^tt qjTq I, ^ vmr* mfqsprt qn;
qqTTqft qtra qriqqi qrrqpf « ^qq?r qrrq
q i I
wrfqqj qTi^qqq) f^fq^ ^fqq®, *ft*rferqi
qagqq ^fa qtq^q? ( qrafrr^^ qtq%wiq )
qr^qq qm qjqi 1 1 to
fqsfq fqrfq qfq?q% qqqr qT^qqw
mfqq> qiqqiqq, qrqqqqar^ qngi^ q^Tq q^-
fqfqrg Ttqil i v®^
A TREATISE ON GEMS. 199
Translation.
168. Heaviness, coolness, evenness, lustre, thick-
ness, deepness of color and auspiciousness are the
principal good qualities of gems.
169. The four-fold division into castes obtains
also among rubies. The characteristics of each class
I shall now describe.
170. The padmardga (Oriental Ruby) is reck-
oned a Vipra (Brahmin), the kuruvinda (ltubicelle)
a Khetriya, the Saugandhika (Spinel) a Vaisya,
and the Mansa-khanda (Balas Ruby) a Sudra.
171. Some say that the Vipra rubies emit a shade
red like the color of the red-lotus or the red-hot
charcoal of the Acacia Catechu.
i
^<Tlwr,
<4^ IpTsI ^ '^f?r
I w I
^\w\, hpsu ^ ^
UtZQ I I
( to ) b^^evwt1% ( «rt^t )
200
ufarorsri i
1
C\ £\
$atfa=^ ^t^t: ii wn
5rei^TTWRW*r tag f^: n [I
TTTOrarfore'kW f%irtffi: I
^t ^ftSS?I7W: TOOTOR! It V«8 II*
°
<romr i
^faerm *r*frurerr, wqj-
iw, ^R# ^ITJTR^ ^HTTJT K^K =#faT
1 1 l
tagqw qtafero s^pc, wfrw qra» ^k
qfaTRfa^wSr W, *TOTO ^[K *r?TTO *WR
J J
TW5J* § I \^Q% I
^srnrejii qtTf^r^H,
w t I vs 8 l+
* qrRjfq^ tw^ra) wq^fqq^fa^^T ^f%q: |
-v 2 ^ ^ ^ 4 '
r^iftat wq^3?it ll
t na*T *3# ?ra^tfrra*i wr^inqw, q^ra
tagqw, ^i#t3Wraqf%as-*r
vj vj 1
it
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
201
Translation.
172. The Kshetriya ruby casts forward a shade
resembling in hue a gunjd, vermilion, or the flower
of the bandhuka , the orange, or the pomegranate.
173. From the Yaisya saugandhika comes out
a shade like vermilion, the flower of tho asokci,
the China rose, or alakta ; or a red lustre tinctured
with yellow.
171. A Sudra mdnsakhanda emits a reddish,
unbeautiful, .and glossy shade resembling a piece of
'©si ($?), f¥grr,
''Q *rt1wnt mi
^ i i
C«Tt1^©, Wtf 9 ^, '8
mi ^ i
■fwl, srKWSl ^*1 mi fafo ^ I V*8 It
* The Ruby which is red-white, is a Brahmin , that which is deep
red, is a Kshetriya, that which is red-yellow, is a Yaisya, and finally
that which is red-blue, is a Sfidra.
t tpt fa w ^«rr c#
CTSt gWsMfsW ; (/lift (7T5t
wm ; CNWt w^-fsrf^ J *f e fs« I , hmif® w (/lift
^bTPTiirs-fjr^^rt^t, i
flesh.*
i
z
202
UfaifTFSII 1
\
^ifww^r OTn^nortrar: ^frrm: i
^rrgc=rrc ^nWifTr ^ri\ ftaT *nfa& II ^y. 11
WT3TV ^(Tr? I
II H
’HTtsrftprart^sa *?%*h*g wst I
w. ^Hwp^rer: f^¥^7er*rwTW ( ll ^\Q\a ll
ft^TWT¥3WI*TT TOTI%^^fsRT: 1
m^Wi: ^^tf^ax: a »
^TK^wrt f$r*ft^*f%TKT I
t^WT ^t=c^T^T 11 X'Qi. I!
3?FTT I
<TC;5WT 1
KgTCTT^ Tff^TT ^ ^RT,
^ix ‘im ?i3
% i ^yi i
^rf*Nw ^rr^r^^r^r, wrsmift 'srTct
W^tfT) ^TTT) ^T%=?i
,**TR WRT fa^fT TtWT % ^ffc ^rflRiK^
WRT TJ*r^lTO t | I VO'® |
f *cfw^ irfiw fa^c, m ‘fix wm-
toto ^tpt wrer ?r ^rft 1 1 i
^Jrfapfi W ^v, Wtjli ?RR,
^[X WRT faw^rfl t, OTJ® *RT j
OTR WRT ffawt STTW 1 1 \
Shades and other Qualities of Rubies.
Translation.
175. The authorities mention sixteen kinds of
shade, four good and eight bad properties of rubies.
176 — 177. The rubies of Ceylon emit a gleam like '
the red-lotus, the glow-worm, fire, or the eye of the \
pigeon, the cuculus Indicm , the Indian crane or the
Greek partridge. All these shades are auspi- j
cious. \
178. The Kuruvinda shoots a shade resembling
red lead, the gunjd berry, or the flower of sym-
plocos racemosa or of the butea frondosa.
179. The saugandhika gem scatters a gleam either
pale-red or like milk or tho water colored by the
crocus Sativus ; — of these, the milky lustre blights
wealth. |
*rtf*rar t j
i
<r^'S3 sfal,
FtfosRTfa '© e i 'Q (tffa f^r*t
I ^(t I
c^tf^r, *it?R '« K^Ffcsnr ^rtd ftrrl |
^ i ^ i vw i
f*pp, ml '-s f%w-
^*i im W© Td i w i
(TlVtfw ^f*l 'Q ^
srfa ^tdl fd#t< Wdl I ^ 1
irt^i =5^T^ i
Ararat STrTT ?*TW ^TTt^rfw I
ffW ^r%fw^I7r^ WT5TfHT^* fafaff^rT H %K\ ||
farwt ^rtf%m WM
^q-^pf ^rfq w TT^'Tr || tl
tfCmt |
srkpifcrwfw* qnrpr
WT*TT I I 1
sffe - ^i^rm
*r4% sr^ trti*r
TT¥T^ WI^T Tf^TH TI^ | W I
*4% ?fTkr^^
rfT*TT*T W&,
v#t vrftrai wrgwfafare
^r # i i
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
205
Translation.
180. The nilagandi shines in a halo like the
blue lotus or iron.
181. When the ruby is placed over a mirror and
is then exposed to the morning sun, the glass mil
flash with a lustre composed of all the above-men-
tioned shades.
182. That ruby which, when exposed to the sun
* new risen,’ radiates red rays or paints the whole
house with crimson, is surpassingly fair.
itsi l i
^‘jTsTNsrfW twrft ^fwi
^*1 ^fror orr^rf^
^t¥l ( 7 $ ^5'f#s I ^ I
f^TOs 755 ^ (71 cwtf^s-
fifti
TO, CT^ I ^ I
206
nftffflFrR 1
Wl
CN ^
f^TTt ^5ff5rl?n I
swf^wt vftfa mur wnrs * ^tt*t: It i
"*RT5fiK fT^T^ 3*V *%W' TOVPrfir: l
^f^rfvrt * xrem#fi; II ?*ss II
£\
sft mit ^rr^wirr i
irintmv r u ?^yt h
^T<T I
^nr^Tfnr: n faC^n *4s*rfw^; it ii
(TC^fflT I
5ft inf5r«B ^ftgw wt^t
^ fV^st ^I'UCJF ^k% ^rra-
ftl^T 5fT%t WZ, *t) *#!« ^¥T^rT
^T ^ I \^k I j
5i> wrfw^i TO% 94fo ^5T TJ^HT *ST»
c\ ?
TO W^’W^^tT’Ti ^^SRT t | ^c=8 i
5ft *rrfiijsfi tow wfatrt TOTOt
J ^ ^ *v ■
fll^T t^Tr, TO^ WTfTO wr ^ffa
^Ivf ^ I I
5ft ^nfwsr iro ^151% £^»
wTOifsti sroifr ■?' to -*rrfw^ ^KT ^w-
wr^ TOra^WTfaw Ttfft f I i
<§>
Translation.
183. That padmardga which, on being cast into
a quantity of milk a hundred times its bulk, makes
the white mass one entire sheet of red, or sends
out a red flame, is nonpareil.
184. That padmardga which, like the sun, can
destroy even Egyptian darkness, is supremely ex-
cellent.
185. That padmardga which, when placed on
the lotus-bud, anon makes it blossom, is Perfection’s
self — and is hardly attained even by the Gods.
186. T he padmardga which is perceptible from
a distance like a flame, is entitled vansakdnti , — it
leads to wealth.
i
c^rtf^rc'f wi (7rtf^ro<
^%i e I to, c*\\ TOW <rfir?rl
i >w> i
t
/
(71 ^TtTf
^®1 >2lTO TO, C5T& I ^8 |
ct TOtn TORT ^f%TO
TO1 ettfts ^1, (7T|
(TFWffwRrQ I 1
(7i *fenrw p f*wt? to yy-
toto to, w ^®TOi *i#-
-2TTO TOf% Wt® TO <It^T l l
KW l
G\ '
% ST 5T¥T ^«Tf<T¥IT^X’
C\
n %&$ li
*rcfw^r *mT*§nm ftwT i
sijwwwt 3^uf*r srar?fr f%^r n u
4fe*T«f XWZ} l
*rarf*n^ f ll ^«<£ II
;!
cirsrwT t
^rt *nfnr*fi 1RTTO% ^Tt ^"T 5T^T,
$ST TR^fT s T#t f%*T
3ft ? > BT ^T% %^nfT # ,
^t«r^r
*TTf!T5fi # > ^[X ^ ^T^T^TT
^T^Ri ^rif^cfi *£\ TO^vorafr
Rita ^ I ^V 3r? fn^rt *nfcm
j 1KW # I ^WS |
WTT^ ^ ^]Z faf%*T3iT
3f^T ^ J fTCR^^TR fa^TT<ft % I l«s I
f^re^T, f^^Tw, Wx wto*,
>i*r 3 ?tT
JfrfwSfiR’ ^T 5fT^T I ^<5 1
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
209
Translation.
187. All those padmar&gas that, on being
thrown into a quantity of milk or of water pure or
blue two hundred times their bulk, crimson the li-
quid, conduce to prosperity though they differ
among themselves as regards worth,
188. X shall now describe the eight bad proper-
ties of rubies, which have been enumerated by tho
authorities.
189. Dwi-chclih&yatwa, virdpatya, samveda, kar-
kara, asovana, kokila, jam, and dhimira, are the
defects commonly found in rubies.
i
certf^ntf ^ ^©1%
*ts , >rc®w
1 ^ I
gffwni eg ^ c^rtg
oftrgg =rrsr '« wi
t g^s glfests I w** i
'S ^ ^^fgg ortg g>bg
^g i ')&*> i
A A
wwk* wskigiff wi^fwwnreinji 11
wf%w i
wmtwwwgf%s «uf%w ^55:^ n ^ 11
I
tnr^nr t
fsrw wifurwir ttfaftwwfr wtwt fwww* wwwrt
N >1
ft^TW WWW w', fw^TWWT WTfaw W*|WV WTW
WTWT W ; fww Wlfew q^t% WTWfal faWIW ifa:,
igW^wtewWWW WWWW*, Wt^q Wlfaw WTwfaiWt
WW WTW WTW fwi W* I \t-° |
wt wrfww wfwwwt to wfV w\ wjr *rgwiw
wrwwwtwTw 1 , WWwt wwr^ wtw www w*, w*ir^
wifww wpsftwwt wtwtiiw www to wfw’
wwt t wifwww w> w^wt ^wr wit, w9r www
www w‘, www wrfaw, q^ wk w^wwt wnr
WTWT t I \i-% I
ftpET WTfwWW $WW' WWTW WTWW wfal wt, WWWV
WtWW WWW WWW w\ W'HTWW wrfww WWT ^:w-
^TWt t I W I
Translation.
190. Tho padmardga which emits a two-fold
shade is called a dwi-chchhdya. A dwi-chchhdya
ruby is the death of friends. That ruby which
bears a mark like a bird’s foot, is called a virupa.
A viritpa gem always brings humiliation to its
master.
191. A mmveda ruby is one which shows a
mark like a rift. This gem renders its owner liable
to blows from a weapon. A karkara ruby bears
in its bosom a gritty fragment. It causes the death
of friends and is also fatal to domestic beasts.
192. That padmardga which naturally appears
as if it were immersed in milk, goes by the name of
asovana ; this gem is the source of a multiplicity of
evils.
f%5£t?r wt, fatis (7i *rfRi7p
TOT I I
MaHU'sa '5TT ^0® ^Ti, *1*31'
W (71 ^ ^
*tflnrfr "2 i i
cwt
*rt?r«i tot, (7i
TOtt^r ^ $sc<a
i ^ i
^ i
212
jrfknp'fT j
fTWTI
Os
qftfto* qtofrfwW I
J J
^ITgW^fklirt ^f*W wfN *RI WTCWWJ a
*Wfki dim TWi^tomr^w !
V^r* TJ^UnqiR t^frf WqWTqirT || ^8 I|
C\ *\ J ^
fw^JT WVft I
’’qfa UTKT «T AT Wiajrf srtofa^WT 11
ff^tTT I
tor^ Wlfuto fWTWi WWTW ^3Wt
ssVfqigr "?Rq wzn ^\ wife wwt,
^i*kkrt wnr q^WT # l tw ^im vgr
Wife Sfilft U%^T Vnftlfi ^fV 1 i
witoi wfV» wwt ■?’,
^ ^iqsrarq»T wTto ww wrcr ^ j
w q;w ’nfiranft m qto ?‘, w^r ^toqri
wifaqi torqft toTWT t i ^<$8 I
Wt WW VR 5RTTW fqtowj WW ^Rfa-
vfw^i 's^ kr^x^ wkl # »
■^k w^(t3iw tow, if% wifnqf ^xr torwtift
VQW WT^T^ Wt%^WTt vfr 'ST^ qm gj
wqitowi <^*TT | ^ I
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
213
Translation.
193. The mark in a ruby which looks liko a
drop of honey, is called a holdla. A kokila ruby is
inimical to life, wealth and fame, and must be
shunned.
19-1. The quality of being discolored is called
jar a. A jar a padmardga causes loss of wealth.
The color of a padmdmga which looks like smoke,
is called dhmnra ,* A dhumra - colored padmardga
renders one liable to lightning-stroke.
195. The above-mentioned rubies arc worthless
and pernicious, and should never be treasured up,
even were they to be had for the gathering.
-WW? <71 ^
TOT, OTtfo
wfc qp*i tott
n-ty, ^sps^e 5 "srtf*r^r
TO, ^ TOT, ^5T-
<*< m TO I ^k>8 I
m " ■
f^f% ’jyiT-
wp vst^i *rrfro^ =rm*<r i
I
* Literally, smoko.
JTSm I
wt^rf%<T^T5at if *rwsj: 1
q^ t^T ^Tr^TW: II ?,<^ II
^ W ^xf^WPrf^T:
JTiTTfa^TGx: *W fasrmf: I
*r w 'g wx *w*rt
vrreift ^rfhapr: ll t e\a 8
fa»rf^ *: *n$%k4 i
J ^
5TT^TT^ ^TOTT IIU C II
qcsffll l
fcm iufrr^ artor ^ref?^
XK',4\t fafw WT%qsi t^X? tfIT T,
^ tsp^ j^wri* ^T^rxsrc 4 f^w% i\
t^?s v\4m firarm 'ft, ^fiT ^TT^qrr
*fiX^W T* I \4-^ I
wt ^ifwqj W^TT, w^x ^ffT
W^^TX, HfijfST, ^HrfrT nW* TTHT^j ’*rafc^%-
W ar <x
q- qy ^nf’rr^ =sraK ^tPT ^tt<t, ^ra*lT 4\x Wtir vftm
vf» tfaR ^ ^rr^i I \$Q \
w *rt? ^n^*ft- ^x*» 4k
*nfw^ q%T , 4 w*? ^x^*rfcfiV in?, 4k
5ttwt y^aftar vjrr vfax ntc i
K
A TREATISE ON OEMS.
215
Translation.
190. Those rubies .which send out a two-fold
shade, bring about loss ; and those which are
marked with a bird’s foot in two several places, are
the cause of defeat.
197. Those which bear gritty fragments and
are indented, dirty, lack-lustre, rough and discolor-
ed, are certainly unlucky, although they may be
otherwise good and may belong to a superior caste.
198. If through ignorance, a person happens to
wear a defective ruby, loss of friends, destruction of
wealth et cetera, are the inevitable consequences.
w *r%
^ "to
^rWsfl *rffesr, srfiR, W*f «
&awrf% <ri
'df^cto s(R *rfa*i to,
1 t
216
fllWilT l
Ov
U^T^TTRfir ^tT^TR t
h TOjjiw wnp&^i
*gqf<r qnfq^ll ? n
^VqlWniaRi^ ^ w
$w: ^it^ff
g: q^ITT *5R> ^0*1
’q^T^T ^3Ttsfa 51WT
«** sfm ^nj
fi^ri arft^rtqq^T^
*wtfa fas^f^T fo*rfm II $•% tl
frr^jqi 1
f%t^j aRiT*re ^Rrffr Wlf^sfi , are
T¥%sfT% WqiT5l$ a^T,
ffTpH - il^faqw Vlt 1 efhj;
arf* I |
q^w^aq^r , sraf^ hrt^ q*n*V
w;raRri v-^ *ttftrer q%^, ^t. ^rr^r *ft *rrf%qi
^q^rc q%^, <it ^^iT =rf% -?>
*RTT I i
fafa qftpST% ar<r^ if^Taft qm v\ % ^
’qi^T^r ^ 'fi^TT arrsnsrat ^ftra ^rxm
#, wft qq* fq^ifa ^ q4$wq*re
*w^t i;f%*i qfyrr ^ I ^°\ i
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
217
Translation
199. The man who keeps in his house a sterling
padmardga, can with perfect safety, constantly live
in the midst of enemies, and is impervious to the
attacks of adverse fortune.
200. He who wears a padmardga of matchless
virtues, need not apprehend any mischief from the
foul touch of bad padmcirdgas without number.
201. According to some, as the contact of a single
chanddla* suffices to contaminate ever so many
Brahmins, even so one impure gem serves to pol-
lute pure gems ad infinitum.
^ m*\ ch ^ % #r
^ TO, ^HTi
<Ffro sd na>s> i
TO, TO? *bs *W5We ^rf^
^ sn u°°i
TO ^ CW *T5
^Th srrw^,
ins's *1^ e’Std 1 ' fwtf¥$
<t>fro I I
* The generic name for a man of the lowest and most despised of
t the mixed tribes, bom from a Sudra father and a Brahmin mother*
vr^rbf i
M
B B
fHOfcr sn^T^i^ITTWf
K^RiT^: VW. *f^: \\^o^\\
wmft
wm f^^'ft ft-^nw: i
fq^T^fqgtxf^r V=* II
vr w frnrwn* i
<nrn»i^w^i ptr *m^w: n vs n
<TT,5tm i
^ Tire'S f^rfa nfir ^n<r *ff$ ^j^tt^t
tt *rf% wr* *rs?<r v^t
f%¥T^ ^Vfl i*T3v ^tfTT ^1 V^ 1
fsrwifw irftr ^ wt**! ^
•gfiT^ ^Tf 1 eTl^-^^t q=? T^T ^Tf%* ^ 1 wf^fT
r 5ifr l v^ I
^rp^Twii *rrmnfi fH^t versn ^txt*
*jt ft wra ^ti^t rt wt ■#* , ^vr
^TII^I ’TtTiTi VF ^ I V 8 1
Translation.
202. Tlie colors of defective rubies are never like
those of good rubies, yet to a certain extent they
differ one from the other in color in accordance
with their respective mines.
20B. Bad rubies should never be worn, although
set along with the best rubies — nay, should they
happen to bo in company with Kamtuva* itself.
204. Tadmaragas which resemble in shape a
gtmji berry, may weigh three, seven or ten gmjds ,
and the heaviest is the most precious.
i
fwTt% *rf*i srffo TRfa
ettsr ^ =Tl, =rt=rt
OetW U°^ I
fwtf% #1 sift*! ts^
<P?ti W3T *IC^j 1%
1wtt% ^
^1 I V* I
^twrsf *RtR Wf 'ssrr
'Q *Pt ,p tta,
*ri^i 'm&i rIw «tft '©*Wt*ft
tfen i vs i
* The name of a celebrated jewel obtained with thirteen other preci-
ous things at the churning of the ocean. It was suspended on the
lii'ancif At ii
//i
nfkmwr i
220
* 1
m^r st^ti 1 !!: Il 11
w ^f^5WTTTO: i
ii ^ if
awi^s^rg^r x?'x ^f^q^^TTi^r^: i
m^'Hsrcri^ v*]jfafiT*ate*: ii ^°e o
(TOTiXT I
sfiS 1 ^ ^srffT twjsr ^TT WTP^i
^tsrw mx, ’srsisri ^xz, ^stst tx jrawinnur
vfrtT# i ^ 1
f^frX ^ 4 ~, TX^T ^TSf^ix
^ar ^fV 5XWT "I* , wx ^r*t ^fT^x^ifi -qn*r%
^X^ t> f%aj, fqir ^jsmx ixx^ mxxx^
%t to ^ i ^ i
■q^r% ^*tx*t mfw^ f^r, ^tststt ?t ^rann
^ XTTWX ’Tte, ^r*XT«T ^T *nfqnfi ’Tte,
^ ^TT^RaT ^XT, frR, ^T ^TK THU %i^f[ Vt XJWr
# I ^=\3 !
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
221
Translation.
205. Padmardgus resembling the fruit of
Kroshtu (Terminalia Catappa), may weigh two,
eight or twelve gunjas.
206. That padmardga which is plum-shaped,
weighs nine, ten or twelve mdshds ,* that resem-
bling the fruit of the Emblie Myrobalam in shape,
weighs sixteen, twenty or thirty mdshds.
207. A rudrdhshya - shape df padmardga weighs
one, two or three mdshds ; a tdmbuli - shaped $
padmardga weighs from one to four tolas .
<]^T3 Tfa,
; CTSfo Of1%a ^fwfTOT^ ^t?r,
''SWW f^f, ^ v 3 srfal ^TfC¥ R^l
'swr stft, fe,
^ ^ ^ ^ivii
I
* A particular weight of gold, — five krlshnalas — T \th euvarna
(the weight in commoti use is said to be about seventeen grains Troy)*
Williams,
f The berry of a kind of tree, Elsaocarpus Qanitrue.
X The berry of a plant of the same name*
nfaWFsTT
JT'sW I
0\ "*
fq*ftaqrcnnqiTft *s**,5*nfaw l
%{r\: vt qxrrwq *fTq^ *q ?r ^rwra I
^(1 <^T f%ff 3T?r ^ 11
^rfnf ^ItSTT^T qfa*>W- I
fq^mq: qqwq fasiwT^rf jra 8 \®<® (i
w *r ^ vX fulfil
q> qi ^tfa* I
dr
q: qiTfaxfrT qi^fTT I
?i qnffrfq^qrw
^vj n I
qrswi l
fa^HfiT fq«Pm ^T^TT'T ^xr, <3*qfT
^T» ^TT, WV tT*TT ^ ^ ^TT^T ^
"qfc 'Vl«T«T^r qTxft ^TfnT^i URT qf% ^TrTT^
f%fa ^Tfaqi
f*nq, wt qr fH^r^r wqk f%f|prt ’tifaqrqiT q^jn
^oc|
qirTq fq^Tlfa TW ^Tfa T^% XT^TT^ f^STT
’qqffT ^<T ’S k , qf%?f qftq fafawSi
Twiii <qmqKqqiT qr^?r # i ^°<® i
sff *uf"n?i qqqp^IT 'Tt^iT H^iT'ST ^T tTTW, ^x:
f^RI qjiq^XJ qfX^q q%f% xf qt qqq? qpr Tf
srrq, ^V ’sr^ir qqriqn: qn^nqq
^wqrTT t;q, x^q fqtfqwqiT qrfrrqi qjfqq
XR^ qfk fqwifh qTf "TlfTT *\ Wfft qi^x^
x^t^T *nnfoq; qf? l ^ o
208. _ That pachnardga which is like a vvmba
weighs sis, eight or ten tolds — this is the maximum
of weight. If any man by good luck hapjiens to
obtain a heavier padmardga , he will succeed in
whatever he undertakes.
209. Somo vicious rubies arc as beautiful as good
ones; but the authorities advise us to shun them
carefully.
210. That pdrnar&ga which is lack-lustre, or
which loses its former brightness on being rubbed
by cloth, and which betrays a dark shade on its
sides on being held between two fingers, is a false
and vicious gem, and should never be w r orn even
when it is selling for a song.
WM fkr (ewi^s)
^ 'Q C^t^Ti ^1 dfcF I
d^rktd Ti 'swft dddtd *tt«m dtd m,
ks, vsw kft dktws fdk
kk^s dte i v* i
fkrtk dw ^rtf%d dild ^?0
dtw, dki^di dk
d^ffwidl ^emd dk «M
dfdWtd ddd, ^fk^rk Ttd<l d^fkr kdd
dttk ddkdt ^ ^r, ch 5 ! dwdtd fkd, fwtfk
kk k% d^kt Tki ^kd =rl t
* The bright-red gourd of a piaut (Momardica MoBadetpha).
<»«*'
224
TffrrflFST 1
P^JFTI
c-. '
^Tfra^rSp sf f«T%STf<T q^WC* IJ ^\% I)
5T |
* ii^: faaffiRT: II ^ It
f^fq^TT^I fqg=3n^iT qRfqwl
*r qfqf q^jm^’fhra't: II ^ H
^*T^T *njw^l TT^tf^T <T I
ftiq^w^r <twt f^fq% Wtera II ^ 8 n
qpsmr i
^TTqqiTT% qfNT *nrc ^tt
^rfij ^t^qT fir^qhft ^xq^r
^TfwqiqiT 'WIST *U?rW 'Tt 5X13*1X5 ^IXT 5 ? *txfw-
fgw^xr q^fj- Tnf^qiqiT ^x^ «TTW^r ^t^*tt,
V X* J
^ratwqiT ^T^TT t I
wt *Txfaqi ^ qftc
qw *tt vtq* qi^t fl’ifwqi §, %qxq xfq
*r((m^ fsfwxfnw ^*TK *T^ V I I
^fq^ qftx , rt'T$ %qT3 fqifq qrxqqiX T& qifw-
qsqft qf% w I ^%k I
wprw*r^ ^rafrr ^q fnfVTfit^ *nfw-
qsqsx qft xxqr 'rtai *t, q^t fawq qqfqq
Vt"ffT T 4 I ^8 I
A TREATISE ON GEMS,
Translation.
211. Should other tests fail in dispelling doubt, the
reality or otherwise of a padmardga will he indu-
bitably ascertained by rubbing it upon a whetstone
or with a padmardga of tested genuineness. A
false padmardga will receive scratches from the
process.
212. Thai padmardga which shines out the more,
the more it is rubbed, and which is moreover not
light, is a pure gem; the others are impure.
213. Excepting kuruvinda and diamond, no gem
can make scratches upon either the padmardga or
the indramla.
214. A genuine kuruvinda is worth as much as a
padmardga furnished with every quality.
^HTfar w =rt
i i
c< f ^ c*fb»l *m,
mi *if?rew =rl (Tit
c£i <fs, ^
's ^rt i i
(7\t ^rr
I ^8 i
3
Hfrafn^T i
■%£*“
^ 226
JTWT|
Os "
f^fq% ^ H^ffTff I
mq* v^rqg wravhr ^rrf 11 if
^nqrnf ^ i
" o v
mq^^rflair tNri ^spirf* n li
q*?ffaTqq^ fr ’rfwrw* I
rTTKn^qqfq *Tg> q=#te?T It ^'•Q
*H^T ?ff%£f mwwsfq qi I
^Rf>q W&^M* qifqH ?rf%fa^ 0 ^e|
fFC5fflT
$7f*rr ^T*t TtTTT,
^Tn, *rafff 9*fr^ffT
^i*r qm?: ^qf TtqqT Tta, «ft
q?T*TT 'f^TTT I ^y. I
fsgqwmfaqiqiT ^ft TlTTT) mfaqqtT
^TT qfT^TT qm I I
*rq fqif%??qiT «nrmiw wt qflr tW ^*t^t
S -v *j v
^rfT %> qsrtt T%% ^Klf% qifq^ ^^RT ^Twft qw
^ ^fTrTT I | ^\3 I
■^TTT fqif% TsHfit ^VRqR ^ qqqi ^ttr, q> zrqr
m^T fqqqT ^tIw? eft VKST TW ^T. Tt
mi I
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
227
Translation.
215. A saugandhika is worth three-fourth the
price of a huruvmda.
216. A sudra padmardga is, according to the
authorities, worth three-fourth the price of a
Vaisya padmardga.
217. All gems derive their value from their
lustre and their color ; accordingly, gems which are
found wanting in these two essentials are of small
worth.
218. "When doubts arise as to the reality of a
gem, the infallible test is to rub it with another
gem of tested worth. A false gem will be reduced
to fragments under the process.
TO I W I
CddShK TOM WR *JW‘
tom w ^fldi i w i
df Wt1% ""3 £fmr
cd^ '-3 ftf<$ ^dd'fddtTd ^
Tfft Cdvfa df£d> ffdd df%1 ^dd
dSdd df^s ddd ^fdCd,
^ Ml dffCd R s >
228 nfifflT*TT I
I ?r% i
®V d
TOtrq'ror n^i finprni&i ^rirtr II n
cTCSWT!
^4?rgnn!BT5fi vm u^tcitt *mffl *rifnpti
tr^t ?rm ttpt •rfaT
#, ^if *R, Yff *W ^TT»T
Ttm 1 1 I
RfcT R^JI^iT 3JJT5I I
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
229
Translation.
219. The treasuring up of a paclmardga fur-
nished with every perfection is as meritorious as the
celebration of the Aswamedha* jajna, and leads
to wealth, success and long life.
wr 'Sit'® wl Ttir w
'G R^S> |
*ntTfir i
* The Horae Sacrifice a celebrated ceremony, the antiquity o£
which reaches back to the Ye die period. Vide hymns 162 and
163 in the first Maud ala of the Rig Veda. In later times its
efficacy was to entitle the saorificer to displace Indra from the domi-
nion of Swarga. In it, the horse was generally, if not always, immo-
lated.
(©
230
THE RUBY.
THE RUBY-
Its Properties.
pIplHE Ruby is perhaps the hardest substance
“ " v known, next, of course, to the Diamond. It
is a variety of the Corundum, which name (de-
rived from the Sanskrit korund ,) is used to denote the
class of aluminous stones generally ; and particu-
larly a species or subdivision of that class. Besides
the crystalline form (which is generally rough and
deformed), the Corundum appears in compact masses
and in aggregates of grains of different sizes. All
the different varieties of the Corundum derive
their names from their colour. Thus, the crimson
red Corundum is called the Oriental Ruby ; the
colourless, white Sapphire ; the azure-blue, Oriental
Sapphire ; the indigo blue, indigo Sapphire ; the
violet, Oriental Amethyst ; the yellow, Oriental
Topaz &c. &c. &c. Count Bournon was the first
European who had classified the Corundums into
different heads ( in 1802.) But the Eastern
nations have however adopted the different designa-
tions for several centuries past. The first and most
important variety of the Corundum is the Ruby —
the coarsest being the Emery, which is used for
polishing metals, gems, marble, &c. It is some-
$r
A TREATISE ON OEMS.
231
times more valuable than the Diamond, when it is
of a large size, good colour and free from defects.
Its specific gravity is from 3’9 to 4'1. The electricity
which it obtains by friction continues for a consi-
I * derahle time. This stone is composed of alumina
and coloured by traces of metallic oxides, chrome,
&c. Like the other varieties of the Corundum,
it is infusible by itself, but together with a flux,
melts with difficulty into clear glass. It is posses-
sed of double refraction, though not to a very high
degree. The system of crystallization to which it
belongs is rhomboliedral. Its cleavage is basal,
that is, it breaks across the prisms with nearly a
| fiat surface. Its lustre is vitreous. It loses no-
thing of its beauty when viewed by artificial light.
Its colour varies from the lightest rose-tint to the
deepest carmine. The two extreme colours are not
liked at all. The most esteemed colour is, what is
called by the jewellers, the “ pigeon’s blood,”
which is a pure deep rich red, without the faintest
tinge of blue or yellow. The other colours aro
light-red, white, crimson, peach-blossom, violet, &c.
The Ruby is divided into four classes.
Isf. — The Oriental Ruby, called by Pliny the
Indian Carbuncle, is the best favorite and most
valuable of all. Its chemical properties have been
described under the general heading. Theophrastus
speaks of it as being incombustible and having the
appearance of a burning coal when held up to the
sun. Hence the name •‘Anthrax” (or " live coal,”)
232
THE ECBY.
given to it by the Greeks. The ancient "writers,
both of the East and West, have described it as
having the power of shining in the absence of all
light. The fact is, that the Kuby can be rendered
phosphorescent by exposing it to sunshine for some-
time or by putting it in a close crucible, heated to
a certain degree.
2nd . — The Spinel Kuby is of a fine lively red
hue, with a cinnam on tint about it, but is very infe-
rior to the true Kuby in brilliance. It is found in
granular lime-stones ; is transparent and translucent
and receives its red tint from chromic acid. It
belongs to the cubic system of crystallization and
is almost found in oetrahedral crystals. It does
not acquire electricity either by friction or beat ;
is possessed of simple refraction and is infusible
before the blow-pipe. It is distinguished from the
Ruby by its peculiar formation and inferior hard-
ness. Its specific gravity is from 3 ’5 to 3"8. It is
called by tlie natives of India the Lai Rumani or
the Pomegranate Ruby.
3rd . — The Balas Ruhy is of a pale rose-colour
and is of the same composition as the Spinel.
According to the Persian tradition, the mines of
these stones were not discovered until after an
earthquake which rent the mountain in two. Their
inferior hardness prevented people from taking
them as the real Rubies. The ancient Greeks connect
the origin of the name “ Balas” Ruby with the word
“ Palatius,” as they supposed it to be the matrix or
A TREATISE ON OEMS.
233 ^
palace in which the true Ruby was found. Probably,
the-name is derived from the mountain “ Ballaheia”
in India, which, according to Marco Polo, used to
supply this stone. The old French name “ Rubin
de Balais” adds weight to this assertion. The
name Balas may have originated from the word “Bal-
lon” or king — the Phrygian name for a certain fiery
stone. Chardin attributes the origin of the name
to “Balachani,” the stone of “Balachan” (Pegu)
— the Persian name for the Ruby. Some say that
the original of the term “Balas” Ruby is the ancient
name of Belooclristan, Badakschan or Balaschan.
MJi . — The Rubicelle is an inferior variety of the
Spinel and is of a yellowish red color. }
The Rubies are often found in company with \
Sapphire, Zircon, oxide of tin, magnetic iron. Topaz,
&c. Where Rubies and Sapphires are met with,
gold is almost certain to be present. \
The finest Oriental Rubies come from Burmah,
Siam, India and Ceylon. Rubies are also found in
Hohenstein on the Elbe, in the rivers Rhine and
Danube ; Espailly in Auvergne and Iser ; in Bohemia;
France, Brazil, Australia, Borneo, Sumatra, &c.
The most beautiful of these stones are those that
come from Burmah. The mines are very strictly
guarded and rendered difficult of access to the
Europeans. They are a royal monopoly, extreme
care being taken to prevent the stones getting
Where found.
out of the country. The excessive fondness of
the King for these stones has earned him the
title, <£ Lord of the Rubies,” Whenever any
particularly large stone is found, a procession is
sent with great eclat to meet it. When Pegu, the
“ father-land of Rubies, ” was annexed to the
British Crown in 1852, it was thought that the
English Government would be richer by its ac-
quisition. But whether on account of the dangers
in the shape of wild beasts that surround the Ruby-
yielding countries, or some other cause, the
Government has been sadly disappointed. The
inhabitants of Burmak believe that Rubies ripen
in tbe earth, that they are at first crude and color-
less, and that, as they ripen, they become yellow,
green, blue and last of all, red — which is the sure
sign of perfect ripening. The Burmese law prohibits
the sale of Rubies in tbe market and makes it com-
pulsory on the discoverer of stones of a certain weight
(100 ticals) to make them over to tbe Government,
under pain of death. To avoid this dangerous law,
the finder often breaks up tlio large stones into
small pieces ; thus causing more loss to the Govern-
ment than he gains. The Rubies that come out of
Burmah must be either stolen ones or passed out
through the agency of private individuals.
The Rubies that come from Ceylon are generally
found in tbe beds of rivers.
Some pretty-looking Rubies have been found for
many years in Badakshan, a part of Tartary,
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
235
Some were also found on the slopes of the Oxus,
near to Shushan and Charan. The natives of these
places are under the impression that Rubies always
occur in pairs. If they chance to find out one,
they are sure to conceal it until the other is found,
failing which, they will break it in two.
Many Rubies have been found in the gold wash-
ings in Australia, but most of them are taken no
notice of, being considered as Garnets. Some,
however, of very good quality have found their
way into the London market.
The Spinel Rubies are found in rolled pebbles in
alluvial deposits and the beds of rivers in Ceylon,
Ava, Mysore, Eelucliistan, and other Eastern
countries ; in Meronity in Bohemia and in Liben-
burgen ; in the region between Amity and Andover
in North America ; also in the Ovens River in
Tictoria and in the Pearl Rivers of New South
Wales and other parts of Australia. Blue Spinels
are found at Aker in Sweden ; also in Borland and
Straskan in Moravia ; in Antwerp and Ceylon.
These are translucent and generally contain three
to four per cent, of iron. The Chloro- Spinels or
green Spinels are found in the Ural Mountains.
Black Spinels or Ccylonites, {also called Pleonaste
by Hauy,) have been found in Ceylon, Bohemia, in the
River Iser, in the Tyrol, at Andernach on the Rhine,
in Russia and in several places in the United
States, where also the brown Spinels are found in
abundance. The specific gravity of the Pleonaste
is from 3.5 to 3.8. The principal thing in its com-
position is aluminum and about 10 per cent, of
protoxide of iron. It is infusible before the blow-
pipe and with borax forms into an iron-colored
glass. The automalite or zinc Spinel is found in
Sweden. The white Spinel is found at La Riccia
near Rome. Some also come from Brazil mixed
with Diamonds.
The Ilalas Ruby has been described by Marco Polo
as being chiefly found in the Balascea or Ballahia
(on the upper Oxus } ) where they were found
below the surface soil, and from which place, he
had, in the latter half of the I3th century, made
a collecti on.
Mode of Cutting .
The Ruby is cut by means of Diamond powder
on an iron wheel or skaif, and polished on a copper
one with tripolis and water. In the East, Corun-
dum is used for cutting, but the work is not flat
and sharp. The usual form of cutting is the mixed
or half-brilliant, although silky and imperfect
stones are often cut en cabochon — a cut by which
the stone receives one or two convex faces, with
or without facets at the base. The Asteriated
Rubies, that is, those that have a six-pointed star
across the crystal, formed by a silky imperfection
in the gem, are also cut en cabochon and particular
care is taken to get the centre of the star as nearly
#
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
237
as possible in the middle of the gem. Such stones,
if possessed of good colour, fetch very high price
in the market.
The Spinel is cut on an iron wheel, with Emery
or Diamond powder and polished on a copper one.
The form is generally the mixed-cut. The colour
of this stone becomes deeper by being heated.
The Ruby, cts known to the Ancients.
The Ruby is spoken of in the hook of Job and
in the Proverbs, in the Bible. The breast-plate of
the High Priest, which was composed of twelve
stones, included the Ruby, then known as the
Carbuncle. The fact of its having been well
known to the ancient Greeks and Romans ad-
mits of no question whatever. The Anthrax of
Theophrastus and the Indian Carbuncle of Pliny
are, beyond doubt, Rubies According to Pliny,
the Ethiopians used to increase the lustre of Ru-
bies by steeping them in vinegar for 14 days.
Though this process added to their splendour
for the same number of months, they were after-
wards rendered softer and more brittle. AElian, an
ancient natural-historian, relates liow a certain
widow named Heraclea, had tended a young stork
and cured one of its fractured legs and how the
bird, in token of its gratitude for her kindness,
presented her with a Lychnis (Ruby). But the
question as to why of all others the Lychnis was
selected for the present, is best answered by the
assertion, of Philo stratus, according to whom,
storks were in the habit of placing these stones in
their nests as amulets against serpents, and there-
fore as a fitting reward for the valuable services
rendered by Heraclea, such a useful thing was
presented to her. In an account of the statue of
the Syrian Goddess (Astarte), Lucian speaks of
(lamp-stone,) which used to light up the temple
throughout the night. Epiphanius, speaking of
Carbuncle, says, “ when worn, it is impossible to
conceal it, for notwithstanding whatsoever clothes
it may be covered over with, its lustre shows itself
outside its envelope, whence it is called Carbuncle.”
The Oriental nations speak of Rubies and other
precious stones as illuminating the place in which
they were kept.* In China, Rubies have been used
from the earl 1st times for ornamenting the slippers
of women, and in India, for being set into cups,
vases, sword -handles or pipe-mounts and other
ornamental things.
Engravings.
Ancient intaglios and cameos,! engraved on this
stone, are still in existence, some of which are said
* There is a belief existing in India that Rubies grow in the head of
serpents and that they can be obtained by throwing a lump of cow-
dung over them, when the serpents occasion & I ly take them out of their
heads to illumine the place where they search for food, and in order
that flies and insects might gather round them, attracted by the light.
It is popularly believed that these stones are so valuable, owing to
their rarity, as, to be called u the wealth of seven kings,”
subjects are in relief, or raised above the surface. Both these kinds of
engraving can bo executed on almost all sorts of stones.
her, as wearing on her head a gem called Lychnis
f Intaglios have the design sunk below the surface j in cameos, the
W
to have been done, 500 years B. C., — a period when
the Greeks had attained the acme of artistic excel-
lence. A largo oval slightly convex stone, of the
real pigeon Vblood colour, in the Devonshire parure,
has a “ Venus Victrix” engraved upon it. There
also exists a full-length figure of Osiris in half-relief.
Then there are a gorgon’s head and a head of
Pertinax, engraved on Spinels ; and the head of a
Bacchanite, upon a Balas. The earliest example
of an engraving executed in the Middle Ages, has
been discovered in the Spinel of the Marlborough
cabinet. It is a beautiful stone, | of an inch
square, upon which is engraved a head in front face,
wearing a crown, resembling very much that of
Ilenry VI, as found upon his great seal. The
Italians have left many engravings on the Ruby,
amongst which may be mentioned an intaglio, of
a head of Thetis, capped with a crab’s shell, at
present in the possession of th e Rothschilds ; and
a cameo of a head of Serapis in front face, found
in the Hope cabinet of precious stones. Amongst
the collection of cameos of our Most Gracious Majes-
ty, is one having the head of Louis XII, engraved
upon a fine stone of considerable size,— a specimen
of the art after the Revival. Dominico dei Camei
engraved upon a Balas of the size of a shilling,
the intaglio portrait of Ludovico il Moro. The
Orleans cabinet had a Ruby engraved with an intag-
lio head of Henry IV, with the date 1598. Char-
din who, in 1G66, examined a Ruby, amongst the
240
THE RUBY.
Crown jewels of Persia, describe it as being as big
as a ben’s egg cut in half. The upper part of this
stone bore the name “ Chaic Sophy,” cut upon it
by its former master who had considerably marred
its beauty by so doing. Pistrucci executed a beau-
tiful front face of Diana on a Ruby, about \ inch
long.
The Trice of the 'Ruby ; its Flaws and Refects ;
Mode of Testing.
The jealous care w r ith which the best Oriental
Rubies are kept by the King of Burmah, renders
them difficult of access to the public and makes
them sometimes more valuable than the Diamonds.
The ancients put a very high price upon the Rubies.
In the present day, line Rubies under \ a carat, if
English cut, cost from £ 4 to £ 10 ; if Indian cut,
from £ 1 to £ 4.
A Ruby of one carat is worth from £ 1 4 to £ 20
Ditto
1*
ditto
ditto
»
25 to
33
35
Ditto
2
ditto
ditto
93
70 to
93
80
Ditto
3
ditto
ditto
93
200 to
39
250
Ditto
4
ditto
ditto
99
400 to
39
450
Stones of greater weight than 4 carats, being rari-
ties, fetch fancy price.
Rubies with flaws and specks, or having any silky
or milky appearance, either on the table or beneath
it or which are too deep or too pale in colour, are
now much depreciated in value. A pale Ruby of
4 carats might be worth less than £ 12. It is truo
A TREATISE ON GEMS,
241
that there are many Rubies in the market but these
are of inferior quality ancl cannot command the
same value as the true Oriental Rubies that come
from Burmah and Siam.
The value of the Spinel and Balas Rubies varies
chiefly according to the demand, character and cut
of the stones, and sometimes, to caprice and fashion.
At the present time the value of small Spinels
ranges from 5 to £10 per cai'at.
Medium size of fair color, 20 to £ 40 per carat
As an instance of the uncertainty of the value
of the Spinels, a stone weighing 40 carats, clear
and of good quality, was sold in 1856 for £400 ;
in 1862, it fetched £80 by public auction, and was
lately sold for £240.
So is the case with Balas Rubies ; for example,
a dark rose-red Balas of 10 millimetres, square-cut
and polished as a brilliant will fetch 300 francs ;
while a pale rose of like character and size will sell
for 20 francs only. A specimen of 5 carats will
occasionally realize £50. At the sale of the Mar-
quis of Drde, a Ruby of 10 grains sold for £5G.
In order that the pivots of watches may turn
with greater precision, they are set in small Rubies
perforated for the purpose ; but these small jewels,
about the size of millet grains, though very useful,
arc not of much value, owing to their abundance.
To test a perfect Ruby, it has to be placed on the
same sheet of paper on which the fresh blood of a
Large
60 „ £100
(r* 212
THE RUBY.
pigeon lias been dropped. The perfection of tho
stone can then be ascertained if it exactly agrees
with the blood in color. The Spinels or Balas
Rubies have often been passed off as true Rubies :
but with any one acquainted with the physical and
chemical properties of these stones, the deception
would not succeed. Tire hardness and specific gra-
vity of the true Ruby is much greater than those
of the others. An unset stone can easily be
tested by taking its specific gravity; a set one
would, if a true Ruby, be scratched by Diamond
only but would scratch all other stones ; if a Balas
< or Spinel, it would be scratched by a Sapphire.
\ Then the refraction would point out the nature of
the stone. In the case of the true Ruby, it would
| be double (though in a small degree,) but in that
< of the Spinel or Balas, it would be absolutely
1 simple. The Brazilian pink Topaz is often made to
\ imitate the Ruby by placing it in a crucible with
sand and heated till it gets the requisite color.
But it differs essentially from the real Ruby in its
character. Its specific gravity is from 3 - 4< to 3 6,
| whereas that of the Ruby is from 3 9 to 4*1. It is 8
I in the scale of hardness, while the Ruby is 9, i. <?.,
j next to Diamond, which has the full standard
\ number 10.
The Garnet is sometimes made to pass for the
j true Ruby. The Garnet, however, pure and bril-
liant, will appear black and opaque, if held so as
to reflect the light directly ; while the Ruby would
>
;
>
>
i
\
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
213
retain its transparency and true color. Some-
times Garnets backed up by Ruby foils have been
mistaken for Rubies. The Parisian traders have
recently hit upon a plan by which they can, with-
out the use of foils, give to pale valueless Rubies
the best color they should have. They fill up
the inside of the setting with Ruby-enamel, which
gives a deep tinge to the entire stone enclosed
within. The Rubies are also imitated in paste,
which can only be detected by touching them with
the emery -stone (cote). The artificial gems will
appear softer and brittle, inferior in weight and, in
some cases, showing silvery air bubbles in the in-
terior. The Rubies are sometimes infected with
white spots but these are removed by burning.*
The Spinel is also mistaken occasionally for the
Garnet and more frequently for the Jacinth owing to
similarity of color. But both these stones are of
inferior hardness : w'hile the Spinel would scratch
quartz readily, these would, but slightly. Then,
the Jacinth has double refractive power in a very
high degree, whereas tlie Spinel has simple re-
fraction.
The Marvellous and Medicinal Towers attributed
to the Miily.
Each precious stone was supposed to have been
gifted with special powers. The pharmacopsea of
* The Indian jewel lera T however, in spite of great care and labor,
have not yet succeeded in entirely removing these spots from the
stones.
the ancients had, among its most potent remedies,
a very costly compound called the “ Five Precious
Fragments” which consisted of powdered Rubies,
Topazes, Emeralds, Sapphires, and Hyacinths.
But as the patients were not likely, nor were they
competent, to analyze the chemical properties of the
mixture, it generally happened that the physicians
used to pocket the real gems, by substituting false
ones in their place. The Oriental Ruby, or the
Carbuncle of the ancients, whether used externally
or internally, was an antidote to poison and plague ;
it drove away sadness, evil thoughts, wicked spirits,
night-mares and diverted the mind from sensuality.
It was also used as an amulet against all illness.
It wmuld warn the wearer of the approach of any
misfortune, by a change of color to blackness and
would not resume its original brightness until the
peril had passed away. To confirm the above, we
can not resist the temptation of reproducing hero
the following apparently authentic story related by
■Wolfgang Gabelehover, a German philosopher, as
quoted by Tollius : “ It is worthy of notice that
the true Oriental Ruby presages to the wearer by
the frequent change and darkening of its color
that some inevitable loss or misfortune is not far
off : and in proportion to the greatness of the com-
ing evil, so doth it assume a greater or less degree of
darkness and opacity — a thing which I have heard
repeatedly from people of the highest eminence
and have, alas! experienced in my own person.
A TREATISE ON GEMS,
245
Ror, on December 5th, 1600, as I was travelling
from Stutgard to Cal-wam in company with my
beloved wife Catherine Adelmann, of pious me-
mory, I observed most distinctly during the journey
that a very line Ruby, her gift, which I wore set
in a ring upon my finger, had lost, once or twice,
almost all its splendid color and had put on dull-
ness in place of brilliancy and darkness in place of
light : the which blackness and opacity lasted not
for one or two days only, but several : so that being
beyond measure disgusted thereat, I took the ring
off my finger and locked it up in my trunk.
Whereupon I repeatedly warned my wife that some
grievous mishap was impending over either her or
myself, as I foreboded from the change of color in
my Ruby. Ivor was I wrong in my anticipation,
inasmuch as within a few days she was taken with
a fatal sickness that never left her till her death.
And truly after her decease, its former brilliant
color again returned spontaneously to my Ruby.’ 1
Celebrated Rubies.
Tavenieu speaks of a Ruby seen in the possession
of the King of Visapore, India, weighing 50 carats
and of very fine quality. The best Oriental Ru-
bies, as we have said before, are rare in the market,
being monopolized by the King of Burmah, who is
reported to be the owner of a Ruby, of an extraor-
dinary quality and of the size of a pigeon’s egg.
216
THE RUBY.
7 &
But no Europeans have hitherto been allowed to
have a look at it. The king of Ada has a perfect
Ruby of the size of a small hen’s egg, which he
uses as an ear-drop. One of the largest Rubies
in the Crown jewels of Erance, adorns the Order
of the Golden Eleece and is cut into the form of a
dragon u T ith extended wings. There was a remark-
able Oriental Ruby of the size of a pigeon’s egg,
in the Crown of the Empress Catherine of Russia,
known to have been presented to her by Gustavus
III of Sweden, when on. a visit to St. Petersburg,
in 1777. There was one in Paris, seen by Far-
tidre, which weighed 406^- carats. There are se-
veral Rubies of good size and quality among the
Crown jewels of Austria. It is related by Gesner
that Catherine of Arragon used to wear a ring set
with a stone which became luminous at night and
which was therefore conjectured to be a Ruby. Two
remarkable genuine Rubies were sent to England
from Burmah in 1S75. The sale of these two
stones caused great excitement at Burmah and the
fact of two stones of such extraordinary quality ap-
pearing simultaneously created not a little sensa-
tion in England. One was a dark- colored stone,
cushion-shaped and weighing 37 carats, and the
other, a blunt drop shape of 47 T ‘ ¥ carats. Both
were put in the hands of Mr. James N. Forster of
London for recutting. The former was reduced to
32fV and the latter to 39 x \ carats. Both of these
have found purchasers in the Continent, the smaller
247
A TREATISE ON OEMS.
fetching over a lac of Rupees. The largest
Ruby seen iu India by Garcias did not exceed 24
carats ; it was bought by a prince in the Deccan for
1561b. weight of gold,
Rudolf II possessed a Ruby as big as a small
hen’s egg, bequeathed to him by his sister, the
Queen Dowager of France ; it was about 100 carats
in weight and was reported to have been originally
valued at 66,000 ducats. But modern mineralogists
have pronounced this to be a Spinel.
In the front of the Crown of our Most Gracious
Majesty is the famous Ruby (now pronounced to
he a Spinel) said to have been given to Edward the
Black Prince by Don Pedro (King of Castile,) after
the battle of Najera (near Yittoria,) in 1307. It was
afterwards worn upon his helmet by Henry V, at
the battle of Agineourt, 1415. It is an irregular
oval, pierced through the middle, according to the
usual oriental fashion ; the upper part of the
perforation being concealed by a small Ruby.
Two large Spinels taken from India in 1861 were
shown in the Exhibition of 1862. The one that
was exhibited by Messrs. Hunt and Roskell, was a
cabochon-cut, octagon-shaped stone, of perfect color
and free from flaws. It originally weighed 197
carats and after being cut by Mr. Forster, 81 carats.
The other Spinel was also of the same shape and
color, originally weighing 102J carats, and after
being recut, 721, carats. One Spinel collected by
Dr. Heron, is said to be 49 lb ; being in 3 pieces
I
and containing cavities filled up by crystals of
Corundum. In the list of the French Crown
jewels taken in 1791, we find, amongst others, one
Spinel Ruby of 56f carats, worth 50,000 francs.
A specimen of a blue Spinel, a thick oblong stone,
was in the possession of Messrs. Pittar Leverson
& Co. It was an Indian-cut stone, weighing 37f
carats and after being recut (by Mr. Forster,) 25
carats. It was originally sent from India as a
Sapphire and having been afterwards found out to
be a Spinel, the purchaser returned it to the mer-
chant, who at once wrote to the consigner in India.
The statement not being believed, the merchant
had it cut and upon its identity as a Spinel being
established, sold it for a much higher sum than it
had fetched as a Sapphire. Tavernier tells us that
he counted on the Great Mogul’s throne, 180 large
Rubies varying in weight from 100 to 200 carats
and one single gem that weighed 2^ ounces.
These were, however, Balas Rubies. In the cata-
logue of the French Crown Jewels, of 1791, mention
is made of two Balas Rubies, one of which, weigh-
ing 20§ carats, was valued at 10,000 francs and
the other, weighing 12|, at 3,000 francs.
Charles the Duke of Burgundy, had lost several
valuable stones at Granson. Among these were 3
Rubies called the “ three brothers ” and two called
“ La Ilolte et la Ballc de Flandres .” James I, in
sending some jewels to his son, mentions the
“ three brethren.” The similarity of the name
A TREATISE ON GEMS. 249
leads many to identify those as the Rubies once
belonging to the Duke.
Sir James Melville, in his Historic Memoirs,
says that Queen Elizabeth showed him. “ a fair ruby,
great, like a racket ball.” Runjeet Sing is said to
have owned a large Ruby weighing 14 tollahs,
with the names of Aurungzebe, Ahmed Shah and
several other kings engraved upon it. Robert de
Berquem mentions that when Josephus Barbara
had (in 1472) an audience with Yussum Cassam,
the king of Persia, (at whose Court he was an
ambassador, for the Venetian Republic,) he waa
shown a hand-kerchief, filled with the most valu-
able of precious stones. Amongst these was a
table cut Balas Ruby, of, at least, a finger’s breadth,
of the most beautiful colour and weighing 2^ ounces.
De Berquem also speaks of 3 great Rubies, be-
longing to a Parisian of great rank. The one had
once been set in a gold crown covered with gems,
with which Pope Stephen V, (who came to Franco
in 817) crowned the King of France, Louis le De-
bonnaire, as Emperor. This Rnby was in the
shape of a Lozenge and weighed 129 1 carats. The
other was egg-shaped and weighed 244§ carats.
It was given to Charles, Duke of Anjou, by the
Neapolitans, in 1264. The third, weighing 209
carats, had belonged to Anne, Duchess of Brittany
who married Charles VIII in 1491. How these
monster stones came into the hands of the Pari-
sian nobleman and what became of them subso-
F F
quently are not known to us. It is said that when
Peter tlie Great left England, lie presented the King
with a “ rough Ruby, which the greatest Jewellers
of Amsterdam (as well Jews as Christians) valued
at £2,000 sterling.”
Some very good Rubies aro to be found in India.
A line Oriental Ruby was recently bought of a
Burmese merchant (at 22,000 Rupees), by Sir Salar
Jung, on one occasion of his visit to Calcutta.
The estate of the Paikpara Raj family (in the
suburbs of Calcutta) has in its possession a large
Ruby, set in a ring, and free from flaws. Another
Ruby of a good size, also set in a ring is to be
seen with Rai Lucbmeeput Sing Bahadoor of
Azimgunj. Babu Hurruck Chand of Moorsheda-
bad has with him a Ruby of tho true “ pigeon's
blood” color. A large Ruby is to be seen in the
estate of the Hon'ble Maharajah Joteendro Mohun
Tagore Bahadoor, set in a ring and having some
Chinese letters, for min g the name of God engraved
on its back. There is also one large Ruby of the
size of a pigeon’s egg lengthwise cut in half, set in
one of his watch-chains. It weighed about 500
Ratis in its rough state, and has, upon being cut,
been reduced to about 300 Ratis. There is also ono
beautiful Ruby of about 93 Ratis, set in another
watch chain of the Maharajah’s.
^ »r5 <t it Vl*«
TOPIOT^* arfirawf fv ^ f^fft 1
^T^XT^ qiJhfarfWS;4*#f^fs u ^ B
f^TrrW TanffaW wj%tot^7T |
*T*T5TT* <T^’ X-af^SZV&C 0 ^ B
ott*t farf^i^rN
q^r ?t# tij^TJraT^ I
n h nwi ^fTO^rfafi: i ^ g
WtrT 3*TTH I
aomri
f%f% qffoqft ^nffat, arHi
q?H qrai ^rrm f i t
q^TTTf qafcf ^%TTfW fw^T rTTT^T W t^TTSC
^rXT t, qft qq XW' ^TWf<T
t.l^l
tv» ^ ^ *fhfT W?i
fw* t^r ^ I
T^wiT^t qfa??ratai qrcit t* % fafowqrr
% ^eqir sft *ftT*fi qfipfi
q^rfi ^qr*r qft qqm t 1 f^qxr tip
^tro^q^t% qt% qjTT*r v, q^ qfV I W
A TREATISE ON GESIS.
253
THE CAT’S-EYE.
Translation".
220. Cat’s-eye quarries are found at tlie top,
or tlie mid region of certain mountains, as well as
in their vicinity.
221 — 222. All those colors that shine in tho
padmardga and other gems of a like nature, are also
seen in the Cat’s-eye. Besides these, we find white,
smoke- colored and gray cat’s-eyes.
ilW'
223. Of Cat’s-eyes, those which in color resemble
the peacock’s neck or the bamboo leaf are first-class,
while those resembling tho wing of the nila-
kantha * bird arc of small worth.
^T^TT'F I
^#5FFl fitPrw *rfw ^ i
*fr ^ hr^pi1% ^?rt#r ; ^
^ (Fftl I w i ^ i
c*r ^
*rtara ^*r, fiKtm ¥, %r-
^ *t#sl *tW5T ^TT, vot^fal sfte ^ i ^ i
* A species of gallitmle or water-hen. (?)
254
JtfinnTai i
iratri
^ -
aaaa aafsr* t^sf ara afaa: « ^\s n
f%aT=fhft aafa*: faansr^ ai^^n I
tag: ^rmkr v<t f% a 11
*3i* a^aTWtaaaaX aTOTO^fCTT
\> °^v
ai^rf^wfa^a^ia^aT ^ a faar ^TaaT I
asia* $aat ^aifa fawri ^tftfr*
TCTftsnc a^% aftra: a^aa* i i
tTCSfflTI
faaanaa agara aifi, ^fff, fag =*?k ^
arc aia ata v, aat arsa aitfaaT^at arc *rnr
1 1 afc art arc aia aqraraimaH a^ftai aak
5|% aa^r atm v i ^8 I
atm ^aTaaMs^ aa^ w aTjfaar ar^ra
ma ▼, ateT ^rartmaa x^ aijfaaT afg-
sria % at^r atarcaarcf^araa a^faai tag aia
f aH akrcii a^fam am a* I ^ |
ataar am gar, akaiT aar, fasfNt afa, T#
faa atarci ama a^famat mar tfa mfa
ata at a^fagr ataaa arct, aH ^r%Ef)
3aaa, fa4a ak ^rc$ at, g{%a ata aagit afa
g^aaaa aaa a i I
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
255
Translation,
224. The earth produces all the four eastes of
Cat’s-eye redolent of lucky signs.
225. A white Cat’s-eye furnished with a blue
gleam (say the authorities), is a Brahmin, a white
Cat’s-eye with a gleam of red, is a Khetriya, a
yellow Cat’s eye with a blue lustre, is a Vaisya, and
a purely blue Cat’s-eye is a Sudra.
226. Cdt’s-eyes possess a shade like the color of a
fresh, bamboo leaf, peacock’s neck, or a cat’s eye.
Those Cat’s-eyes that are heavy, deliciously cool,
flawless, smooth and otherwise faultless, the autho-
rities consider to be very lucky.
bp® "9 *Ji5
I ^8 I
«rt^o ! hlW
f^r wxt w
br5% 'e?fw «t#t, fbt, orld<if^\i,
f^T«T "'9 ^ ^Svs-^ej-
I w I
'aj'^TpT I
238 flfiwre i
i
'SS ^T3RT fsTOTPUfa I
*jra Wi3f*r=3re I^QI
§|sr*j<uu l
T*>nrf?Pr f? 3fT I
fsnfi^f szr# f ^sr’ ^^srw n ^e; h
^TfTPC SR*T<2T^ 3f^3T V |
ttsrfat s*nsrT?rr xr^ ws\yw\: U
ftfir* ars *frrcf*rfa i
s»rmrer* TOftsrfwfhft 1! a
?toun i
Ttfn ^pr» srtt ^f^nrr to
i
*ns i
fWxift ^rt^ ^*tr, xfii%^, fa*jhr
arr ^fSrar ** I I
^htc 'sar^ ^f%^r 3rr> gft xiN
faf%w ?sap^ t n^l
f^r ^fnSTTW ^TTHT f%\i, f <TR Sita **,
*rr *«s$ wtzi, ifsR^r ajfrra* *tk\ ^r> ^
sfiTW ^ I I
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
257
Translation.
227. That Cat’s-eye which on being rubbed over
the touch-stone attains additional lustre and
smoothness, is sterling and excellent.
Qualities of the Cat's-eye.
228. That Icalila or hyanga Cat’s-eye which is
like a veritable cat’s-eye, or a garlic, and which is
perfectly smooth, is a gem worthy of the acceptance
of the gods themselves.
229. Sat dr a, gJiana, atyachchha, Tcalila and
hyanga, are the live best kinds of the Cat’s-cye.
230. The Cat’s-eye which sparkles beautifully, is
called mtdra ; that which combines small bulk with
heaviness, is called ghana.
WttTO ^ (/I 'S
to 'Q
faxtt C* Wt*StX I 3AV |
i ^ i
TO, ^ ^rtr; 6 ! fro tost «?f, TO1
TO fktrte i i
<tf%?n ’sflm * wfe i ^ i
ct hpr fl% WrM' ts, TOtre
G G
i
3ngr*r^*rTSfiTT^*rt ^ ff^rir » ^k% n
Sfifa<*r *TpT rf^w' ^^T*q 1 %^K 3 > t
faf^T^rT ts3T ^^fesfWtsm
\3
W It
^pfim i
ar§* ^9 t wre: T^fu )
^ir ^ n n
(V ^
^ f^lfrr ^ ^TWT
J
WT WT 3 TFT rT ^ 4 W T W^STT^ II ^58 B
i
qR^ arrafr ^rsrfsft^V
3t^?T V, ^rafiraTO ^*5t^»^TT% TT^T
tw^rrr V, ^f%^r war -
=\ ^
f=T^TT *73 WrT^r 5STTTr V I %%\ I
tw^t i-rcrftw ’smrr w sfii^r Tt,
3 J 1 1 Sfi^iT ■? | I
'sericf i
«vr» ^ f 5 ? ^arRHTTw
?rft uN fafaflsfii ^ | l
^rr ^ SR¥FT T*,
^rwf^T *TT^ ^TTrTT I, ^X ^5TT
W ^ SR ^ft V I ^g J
i
231. That Cat’s -eye which is free from such de-
fects as kalanha etc., is called atyachchha ; that which
shows a lustre resembling the Brahminical thread I
and aye twinkling like the moonbeam, goes by the \
name of kalila. This is the veritable cornucopia.
232. Tliat which manifests a variety of parts
and sides, is entitled byanga.
Defects of the Cat's -eye.
233. Karkara, sarkara, trdsa, kalanha and delta
are the live defects belonging to this class of gems.
231. A Cat’s-eye which is hard to the touch, is ;
called karkara ; and that which contains grits, is
called sarkara. A karkara Oat’s-eye brings about
loss of friends.
to i
5s?*FrtJT wtsr fi,
Ff«F! FTl m "'pfqF F5F
i I
?JlTO F5f F5f -£iFj5f ^fqfl
CTfa ^ •it 5 ! FJ5f | ^ I
bifrtnr c*m |
<s^, tsK to? « to, ^
TO <!tl l I
TO, TO! bt'jTtr
TO I V>8 I
.*SF§)
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
Tl? A¥ST. A TTfYW
5=r^TfT |
&
^ f^frT f I
fivg ^f **W* imrwi: I
**Rnfa t^> li ^ II
ftrfosre: far^^: ^r*: ^rfafaf^rn i
^f^*Ti: Sfsyf 11 ^ ||
ftnrRTi^r f^?n?r i
filfT f^irT girfsjj^sr II II
dO>1WT I
fsre faarRT^ ^rf*;t^ ^rcrfsraT ztt *fT*r*r ^V,
N xi j 7
^es\ to* V, <^i^r f^r
5TI^ sfiT^T^T tT, *n®T f^TT
VW ^STTq Vt «fi^ , t‘,
^■STSfiT ^fa^TT =TT^T ^R^TRTT 'f‘ ; ^K
foTw^t *r^tt *tt«pt •it, *3*r£t ^rww ^‘,
tv ^fsror ^rre:*ffaiT urch ^ *BT<n
▼ I ^YU
firfronr, finnira* *fitv ’vfa ntfzm t# ^3n5
^RT ^3T Vr*H?TT V I S^f J
V^%VVra WH affair ^ 5TT *fiT, *?V
w, vt^t vt^v fairer v*, ftfa *vtv
Mwrv iffc wt^t i>tir mfz*a
viW | ^\s 1
A TREATISE ON GEMS,
Translation.
235. That mark in a CatVeye which looks like a
break, is a tram. It destroys family dignity.
That which shows conflicting colors, is called
kalanlea. Such a gem is destructive. A deha Cat’s-
eye bears dirt within it. This gem wastes the body.
236. Girikdcha, Sisupala, glass and crys-
tal are made use of in fabricating false Cat’s-eyes.
237. A false CatVeye, if it is made of glass, is
detected by being scratched by the diamond alone ;
if it is made of sisupala by its lightness ; if
of girikdcha, by its want of lustre, and finally
if of crystal, by its excessive gloss.
l
srfr to. i tot
fkw% M ^5T, TOT,
C*f^ TO. CTO CTfW TO i W I
ffifwtfi, TO '« ^ TOf
ffsR ^ ttw i ^ i
ftW ^ f'STTfc®
wfal fV5Vt«T, ftfwtfi 'Q
TO1 ^Tl
*|C® | ^ I
262
nfanm i
hw I
mmrn
^reqwf: i
fPTTfq 5IT^T^WTg^5£f-
*T^fiTC: *n?r. T$W' II B
fq^T^srf
^r4 f%w i
f%wi1%f%^ ^Tr-r ^T4w^r* II ii
$to: $w; jt^w^i^t:
ufa^n wfa^fxf^iTJratff: I
g^tTOglfV
w^Ts^f^^wx fir^i: |] b g ® ||
®s x
*xr*m\ i
vpr ^r*rc ^\x siiR
^r*rr«T ’ft.frfqi^ th;^ ?it^% qfNr% ^\tj
*TT5T*T ’ft *mi ^ I
TW'lIT^t qf%W W ^T^fTT» *fibP3fTT
’SRTOT* ^WlrT *?fTO
fr^T* 3iT V‘ I ^£.1
^Vw*T
^kit #, ^fk qiif^Ki) ’stto
q^?T vr TW»ft qTrTT ^ I ^g» I
Translation.
238. Even when a false gem resembles in color a
real one to a degree, still there are characteristic
differences between the two, which legibly mark out
the one from the other.
239. Persons well versed in the science can easily
distinguish a mendacious jewel from a genuine one,
by its lightness, softness, gloss etc.
240. Much depends upon the art with which a
gem is set on gold or any other precious metal, —
indeed so much that a gem of really superior order
may be shorn of half its lustre by the vicious skill
of the goldsmith, while another of far less worth may
gain in brilliancy from the skill with which it is set.
l
i ^ i
f^STtf's ' 5 Rt?It£ T T 'Sri'S fwtl
nterc 1 ^
(iftH ws m°s
«tf% ws ^arac®r effects ^ i <8° i
w
m
*
:■
t 1
■ , (i *
269
WfWfiTWTl
i
Os "*
arf^fNr^l
Wlr^raif^rf^ W I
sj ^N,
nt? ¥f<?S
It ^}\ II
5f3l1% *ff^ ^«T WT
wfTT^f |
Vefftf ^Tig TW*
^ffnr^^q: qr?rw5Tq*q*? li w n
(Trstnr t
WT^»Tq?q^ xn* <ft?n WST vtrfT
*£*, ^fa^qrr *^V ^T*r # I ^8^ I
wi^rarhr q^qqiTT
rT^^T *^1%* qT^gfq' TT«TT fsrafSjf*
^TT*ft *T ^T, ^f^T q%t^*T
qfa(i Tt*7T 'rtoT f |
sftr qfgfsrarqrc ggrg i
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
2G5
241. A Cat’s-eye weighing two palas* is worth as
much as a very good padmardga weighing one told . t
242. A vicious Cat’s-eye paves the way for the
sure ruin of the wearer, be he a self-denying indi-
vidual, a king accustomed to wear gems of all sorts,
or an ascetic who lias learned to restrain his senses.
'I
5]^^ ^ c^rl
few
i ^ i
ffefe fe ^ =Tl 'bwm
W c (
t w i
l
* (Equal to four karshas = T J^oZa*,)
t Vide anU.
H K
P HE Cat’s-eye is a rare variety of the Chryso-
beryl, of extreme hardness and is characteriz-
ed hy the remarkable play of light in a certain
direction, probably caused by a peculiarity in its
crystallization. This ray of light, or in the jeweller’s
with a phosphorescent brilliance. This stone is found
of various colours, ranging through all the shades
of yellow, brown, green, and very rarely, black.
No matter what the ground colour of the stone
less iridescent. The gas-light or full sun-light,
which i*enders the line more vivid, displays the
lustre to the best advantage. The most popular
towards the light, the stone resembles the contract-
ed pupil of the eye of a cat. Its peculiar beauty
lies in the mysterious gleaming streak which moves
mens most liked by the Indians are those of a j
dark olive colour, having the ray so bright on each i
edge as to appear double. The hardness of the
Cat’s-eye is 8-5 in the scale ; it being scratched by the
Sapphire, lluby, &c. Its specific gravity is 3 - 8. It
is infusible before the blow-pipe alone, but is not
affected by acids. It contains about 80 per cent, of >
alumina and 20 of glucina and colouring matter j
(protoxide of iron). It belongs to the trimetric j
or rhombic system of crystallization. Its lustre j
varies from being almost perfectly transparent to j
almost opaque. It possesses a double refraction and j
acquires electricity by friction and retains it for j
several hours.
Where found.
This gem is found in rolled pebbles in parts of j
North America, Brazil, Moravia, the Ural Moun-
tain, India, but chiefly in Ceylon together with \
Sapphire.
Mode of Cutting.
The Cat’s-eye is generally cut in Ceylon, en j
cahochon. The Chrysoberyl of which it is but one
variety, is cut on a copper wheel with Emery and \
polished with Tripoli.
Its Price ; Flairs and Defects ; Mode of Testing.
The Cat’s-eye is much used in jewelry for rings
and pins and is never engraved upon. Its value j
chiefly depends on its size and beauty. The varie-
268
THE CAT’s-EYE.
V
ties of colour do not affect the value very much ;
some people like one colour, some, another. To
fetch a good value, the line should not only be
perfect and brilliant but it should be well-defined,
not very broad and should run evenly from end to
end across the middle of the stone. It has always
been very highly prized by the Indians and the
Cingalese. The value has of late considerably in-
creased, owing to the fancy which the Europeans
have begun to take to it. A ring-stone may be
worth from £10 to £100 or upwards. There are
some large stones in the market said to be valued
j at more than £1,000.
The jewellers have frequently confounded the
true Cat’s-eye with another stone of the same name
which is a variety of the Quartz, and have often
sold the one for the other. Even by the least ex-
perienced, the Quartz Cat’s eye can be distinguish-
ed from the true one, by its inferior hardness and
want of brilliance. The colour of the Quartz
Cat’s-eye is of various shades of yellow and brown
only. Its hardness is from 6 to 6'5. It can only
scratch glass. Its specific gravity is 2*65. It melts
with soda into a clear glass and is soluble in fluoric
acid. The chemical composition is of 48 parts of
Silicium and 51 of Oxygen with a small amount of
oxide of iron and lime. It is usually set with a
black or gold foil to add to its play and brilliancy.
A TREATISE OH GEMS.
269
Marvellous Powers ,
The fact of the gleaming streak shifting from
side to side as the stone is turned, has led the
evil spirits. It was dedicated by the ancient Assy-
rians to their god Belus and was called, on this
account, the ocitlus Belt and by others, the “ wolf’s
eye.” It is regarded by some nations as a sacred
stone and used as a charm against witch-craft.
The largest Cat’s-cye (also the “Hope”) is hemis-
pherical and \ inch in diameter. In 1815 it was
captured from the King of Kandy (Ceylon), with
whom it had been an object of great pride. It has
attained a celebrity for many centuries past and ap-
pears to he the identical stone mentioned by Ribiero,
in his History of Ceylon, as belonging in the 16th
century to the Prince of Ura. It is mounted in
massy pure gold and set* with Rubies (cut cn cabo~
chon), in the Eastern fashion. A very large-sized Cat’s
* The late King Victor Emmanuel hail many peculiarities one of
which may be related in a few words. It appears that His Majesty
each year allowed one of his toe-nails to remain uncut through the
year, and on New Year's Day he cut off his projecting nail which was
always about an inch in length, A jeweller cut and polished this piece
of nail, which acquired the appearance of the stone known as a “ cat ? s
eye,’* and framed it in a rim of gold set round with diamonds. The
King each year presented this jewel to his mistress, the Countess
Mirafiori, who already possessed fourteen of these novel ornaments.
The fifteenth had been cut by the late King on the 1st January 1878,
and as His Majesty died on the 9th of that month, the jeweller had not
had time to polish and mount iL It has since been conveyed to the
Countess by King Humbert ,— The Indian Mirror , I bth June 1878,
superstitious to believe it to be the abode of some
Celebrated Cat’s-eyes.
270
THE CAT'S-EYE.
eye was once seen with one Pandit Lutchminarain,
who had at one time refused an offer of Rs. 10,000
for it. It has afterwards been bought by a zemin-
dar of Mymensing, East Bengal, for Rs. 6000.
Babu Than Sing Boyed of Moorshedabad has a
good Cat’s-eye of a black color. Rai Budridass
Mokeern has, in the shape of a Icanthd, a collection
of Cat’s-eyes of various shades and tints. There is
a very large Cat’s-eye, about the size of a pigeon’s
egg, set upon a pan-dan, in the possession of the
Hon’ble Maharajah Jotecndro Mohun Tagore Baba-
door. It is of a brownish color and shows the (£ line”
to great advantage.
?:«rrf%^»rf^ri5jT *rfif w^mraftip: i
n^ftirflrorrat *w a ^gyt o
Trf^n 5f5TR l
i
^T^t, VST, ^fx, W, *T<T*
%K *r*r ’ftfa ^tti I *r?
TfW^X 4 * j %f%51 T'T flVfrT faq*T
«TT^T Ttrn T* I ^ 8 $ I
5* ■rfarc «ft *ftfn t^it *4,
^*n£V f5ifei Ttfa #. , ^farrr ^§*r
<st*K 1 1 s? 8 8 l
^T^» *T<T, wfc 4 \ j : *wf% **
G\ ^
’■tfta ftnr ^3^ wtt% ftm ^ I ^8^ i
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
PEARL.
Translation.
213. It is generally believed that the Pearl origi-
nates in elephants, clouds, boars, conch- shells, fish,
serpents, oysters and bamboos — of which oysters
have the largest share in their production.
2 44. The Pearl which originates in a water-
drop from the clouds, is a gem of the first rank and
a rarity ; — the gods appropriate it from the sky.
2-15. Pearls originate in the heads of elephants,
boars, serpents and fish, in the hollows of ham-
boos, and in the wombs of oysters and conch-shells.
I
^Tpr i
■=i^, Tpf,
^ <tt, wl ypi
wxzw srfwi
(771 (71 tfsrd 5f^|-
«TW*t I ^88 I
rt, n*{, « sj«.^ %?cH
Tx*f, "3 wfel
*Ttt<F I \8<t t
&
FtfjrtOT^rr I
{
TT^rrT i
c\ ^
7t3tt{%^ ?mi fq?n i
qrwjit qt#r f%q it ^ n
v» \l
ipircgqtr* %qf
ti^t; |
qffiWT q g fq^^q^fT-
^ q^qi: Tff^r: B ^i'Q n
<5T^TK5IT?1 5^f?}fqq^?f
qg qTT^w |
qr^ fwmfr ^qfsfi
Si
*rTWf<TqT rfwrf=r N ^ 8^ »
ctT5ifTT t ;
’ST^t ^Tiq% *rtf?[ q^T ^rfT %, j
f%5TT aq^jr* qftfw q^rw^lvr f , qt^> ftrq
^*T^T ^*r^T *TtfcT qq^T TtfTT t I ^ 8^ I
qfw% wt faf%m ’Ttfn^t q^pr fis t\t 9 ^nq%
f%qqU iftfn *T?Wr q\fll q^T ^TTrTT
f-, ^q^TOq ^VwRRiT *Ptf*T q^T Tt
qf% to qifq qqwi- ?ftm xr^t ^tm %»
qq jhtr 1 1 qaa i !
qfa, fqfa wwf^r, sgq* Tq qsrq
wt ^rtlrr qq^T ’itan t, ?nft qq irtfn qf%
vtaT 1) qffaq qw^HTR q^rT I I I
A TREATISE ON GEMS,
275
Translation
216. Those Pearls that are found in the heads of
elephants and snakes, are rarely to be had except
by devout austerities ; — at present good Pearls are
obtained from bamboos, oysters and conch-shells.
217. Of the kinds of the Pearl enumerated
above, those derived from the oysteralone are penetra-
ble, the rest being impervious. Those Pearls that
originate in clouds, are the best of their sort.
218. The Pearls that arc produced in bamboos,
elephants, whales, conch-shells and boars, are gene-
rally lack-lustre, although they are of great use in
auspicious rites.
-s (7i ^3*1 tot, f^n
«rf^err*tT, ^r^rl 'e *i^f ^ f^i
'yuk c < i ¥iri
cw» ^ wpffa
^©du^ fe <rf%® vfm
SFpffa $5*1 WTSfltBI fe Wl ¥f|i7®
=Tl I (7N <71 ¥<F«T $©*1 ^¥,
¥°o*t, »W 's wte: arf ^rt?f
^r® (7i ^«t $©*i c*n> $©*1 <£ftft
^¥i fas msf^FFfttr
£f*nS I ^8b- i
>
s
-
>
' s r^t*r i
¥1 ^©¥ 'S© 5 ! $e*l <2tt^ ^8¥i <Tt¥ I ^8^ I
TI^TTI
<X "
^Tft fw ^gfq^fhsm li ^8<5 R
^frlgS^ ^Trp I
vtfT^lwf^ ^TW qfcpftsrtl n It
f^ZPSjpW ^tT *ftfaW faf%lf' ^ t
«i* 5 WT^' t;^w*nrTg 7 ii ^<JL^ li
<T^ 5 fni i
^JX rT3i_-
f%^ v ift % WSfrr ^^5 m^TW, ^ftr, ?ng %frx to
^TT ^TfT ^fiTt^r f, T^ s SfiTTHT ^PC
f%f^SBi 'rfaT if f ^84. |
^ «itffi # 9 ift 4 |$ipteSr, Vhr,
m^iw^nr %•, sft qtfn ifNnqsrf^^^i xg w xw
irpr, ^fTpqw, srt mffi ifNma|f^8^
%, ^ f^q^r ^\x ^‘t ^ffT qtauRfsTCr-
s% ^fasror *£\v, cj-^ sg^atw I i ^<i« i
qq^isq q*tnm wTiq*:
Tft^r, «fcrCT?n^', xc^m q*ri*r
C\
3 «nrt ^t*t, vtfH ^nn? x^rn t,
vg^fqk 1 1 W i
Translation.
249. Persons who have studied the elephant with
particular attention, have divided it into four
classes, called after the names of the four cardinal
divisions of the Hindus. Accordingly, Pearls derived
from elephants are classed under four heads.
250. Pearls which are white and which emit a
yellow lustre, are Brahmins ; those which are red
and possessed of the same lustre, are Kshetriyas ;
those which are black (lustre same), are Vaisyas;
and those which are blue (lustre do.), are Sudras.
251. Of cloud-begotten Pearls, those which
resemble in shape the hen’s egg, which are beauti-
fully circular, substantial, weighty and bright as
the sun, are enjoyable by the gods and cannot be
obtained by men.
dWfft Ftf|
Cd TO
dwd'f ; dfdtdl %sd d^d<, ^tdi
<f< ; dMdl %®d ’STftdf, \5t^td1 h’Sdf ;
dt^tdi %®d fkrdi
d%fl *tfdfca i i
CTCTfctf* Cd^f*T ^?$d
"«ww «tfr
cro?^(ai, cwt*kfi, w
i w i
JraTT I
C\
'gq
^rfqfq^;q*$rq T^fwr^ w^rftfqfq o j
q;f<«j^ qqjq <iq q^q^q q^T^rra
q qs®fqTqra%: ll ^ II
qpiqfa qqqqq qfrqY
fqq^qq ht%^t TTfSa l
p^mqTqqf^qiqqTq-
qif^Tqqqtqrfqqiaqfqqf u ^8 il
(T?^mr i
sgrq^qit q^qq qsqtqr^rq ^rt qq^T
*Ym % ? qqq qT^q sft »rtm qq^x ^*n %»
qq qq qtfq qrTqq% qisr% qqxq, qrt^rqq qxV%
qqx^i q^Nrxi q-fqq qrq qnq I
qiq*r ^vt «ftf<r qq^r qtfix t, qq qn^x qft^r*
t^q qjx^r, tx^T qtqnqqf^rq^q q^q s
qixq^rc* gqr?fa qjx^q 3 ^ jf qx qtfq ^t^qq}
qqfa qfq* q’tm i \
qqq vt qtfq qqqx qYrr q" » qq q>q^ ^qfa qfq*
wr, ’qiqsraTtq $' q«u qfar % qra q* i qq % wrfqqi
qqx qq t, q qrtqq^qt qqi^ qqxq, qqqq
qrf^ qfq ?^< qqfq i qyi8 I
©
A TREATISE ON GEMS
279
Translation
252. Those Pearls that originate in the head of ;
the elephants of Khamboja in the country of Shya-
ma, are large as the fruit of the JEmblic Myrobalan,
heavy and more yellow but not more lustrous than
the other kinds.
253. Pearls which originate in the crest of j
serpents, are beautifully round, and are embosomed i
in a blue halo of surpassing glory. These, persons
void of merit are denied the privilege of even
looking at.
251<. Cloud-begotten Pearls never touch the
earth, and are appropriated by the gods from the
sky. They are clad in the mighty effulgence
of the mid-day sun.
^1w cwfl
i ^ i
wi wfc *#t
OT’M \st^1 <pw, C 7 ^
c&gf ^ ^ c<i,
\M8\
’StS^TTC |
<s "»
' 3 frPff^n£-
6 J
5 T^fTT^njT^^W 1
f^wT swr
^ts^n^T^fq rif^TrT^ n ^>/y n
fqf^WT^^lfTI^T^fTtgT
*T«q «T qi ^ITf^frr fif^-qt W
®\ Q
^ rl^f ^qnrqnr? II Q
^Vtsfq WW’TW
f^qT^TVIT^JT^fT: I
^TqsnT’sfa: ¥f^r^f *nrat
wifw ?rfW<T ^rret:* h ^\q n
<rn>TflT |
*ftfa qq^T *£\rU t, cl^ TpSlW' ^TT?T,
¥^r, ttttt qffc Tj^7T«ir^ft t,
snr)- ^frf?T f%W x ?r^ !qRT 9 T qmr t,
t 4 V itct 7 TT¥ % i ^^i
<3tT*T fqi^nrfqftr^ ^7%^ ¥TTT ^^-'^farT
^n: riTTrTJT q;qi Sth' qq^T ^
^ftfaqi q^iq^ ^tV 4\ I ^ ^ i |
wtzr «rt^ rn;^*f
tri ^T=T$ qg^T Wife! qfq facTH
*ftf<T ^*r% qpT ttttt, ^rr^rt
ru^iq qr^q^ *?¥ q^*u i ^'3 I
©
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
2S1
Translation.
255. They surpass in lustre, fire, the moon and
stars, and aro equally flamiDg in the light of day
and the blackest night.
25G. This world, ornamented by the four oceans,*
— tho home of the most splendid gems of infinite
variety, can scarcely equal in valuo one cloud-gene-
rated Pearl.
257- If by rare good fortune even a person be-
longing to the very lowest order comes in possession
of such a Pearl, he shall reign paramount in this
world so long as the gem is with him.
I
3*^1 vm, TOS, TO1 'Q
»tiit^ to, (?\\
cro nts, ^rtFrwn itfes'e
’TO? I I
^fTOs <*iw <?mf« ^ f% srI
i w i
cTOf^f^TO
CWTO ntfTOr wf*R (?rf wl
*ftfTO, (7 1 ^ ^Rf-
ftos *fTO> *li1ro I
* Our English readers are requested to remember that we go by our
Shastras, and not by the far more advanced lights of European Scienco.
As it is our most cherished object to give a peculiarly Indian air to the
book, (which is all the more necessary, having regard to the authori-
ties we follow) we have not scrupled to cast it in, the mould of Sanskrita
writers.
nfwm^T i
i
i
; A ^
*n*iv q^rRTOfa ?rer !
^>^5TT5Tt ^f^rr: ^Tfl^r
^fa^fs^fq^rNiCtfa p ^ye; n
^jif^if^B ^r# ^ ^ifjfi^m ii ^y.£. «
Wtfaq 3iTls?!?re^f ^filTI^f i
^ifar**ftira ttt ^T^rra*^' ^ n n
s> ' 1
\ tPC5!HT I
$ qq^re^rr *tf?r *T *rr *fV ^ ^
WTfaqre'W WI^TT TT^I%
^T *ftfrf T%, (ft ^-aft^rsffiqi ^p>
q*TT*fiT 'TT^T ^iT 1 I I
qifa> ifa, 'iffc ^t^t ?;^f(T^ <rsri 5fs
TT^^T ^trTT 4*, q^T^TT *ftf?T
f?T^f%fw^T ^(Tl qrf%, fWtq
vt^t f%wi ^t^t *fiq
^fiT ^ ^r^Tff qrfa^r f%wr
x^m #. w q^?r *1% qfrsR*r *rn^r qft*
rr^r %• l Vi£ I
fst^w ^^srst fwsr qsri^T "star '-T »
v v t
«TTI^T •qTRf^T ^TT^fT *lW ^5T% rPC 5 ^
’STTW qfV 5f¥Kf(T ; 4ftx faqq ^T^T^T
f%^rr wiki ■wtar y\ ?nr ^t^t *fp?r,
iJSfT^^rs ^fk ^ftw^ ^T\qiT I I
K
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
288
Translation.
258. A cloud-begotten Pearl is a blessing not
only to its owner ; — but it shoots its blessed influence
a hundred yojanas* beyond the precincts of the
domains of the king possessing it.
259. Clouds are produced by the union of three
things ; — water, energy and the air ; accordingly,
cloud-begotten Pearls are divided into three classes,
agreeably to the preponderance of one or other of
these substances. Those in which water forms the
agreeable.
260. Those in which energy preponderates,
are beautifully round and perceptible from a distance
like the sun; while such as are predominated
over by the air, are agreeably tender, spherical,
highly transparent and light to a degree.
(R(7llM (71
^.?,(7lTOft<l<rft3?T^ TO TOs TOftsl
cwrlfs 'Q TO. ^ Wre ttoTO
CTO<1 ^ fTO*! TOTO Rtlw
(7nTO*R TOtQ (7i fTO
SfTO TO *ffi7F, TO1 "TO C^TR«T,
'QWIR '»t#t ^ I l
(71 TOfc® TO TO*, TO1 TO%-
e ^TO to TO?
TO TO*,' TO1 c*Tro cTOrl-
TO, '€ 1 1
* A Yojana is sometimes regarded as about equal to a European league
(t. e. y 4 or 5 English miles, but more correctly 4 krosas or about 9 miles
according to other calculations English miles, and according to some
base, ai’e very transparent, soft, weighty and highly
'ST^Thf I
8 krosas.) — M. Williams .
8
9/
284
C\ ^
srTTTaftqiRq qfr?’
rl|N I
vrfvr
N ^ \S
TTWRfl ^^§KV II
^TTf^rrfH«%5T ^Trrtjfq i
^T«TT *W^5T It B
^rsrw: ^irqw^r qrr*w£ ^ *
^STOTO W TOT xrq ^ || ^ ||
faqt ^tq-^r: I
'*&} qiluj: agpr vm ^ II ^8 B
ff^SWI i
^RT% TT^HIW ^ftfrT qq^I 'rtTH #, ^rTfrT
^fcT* *WT«T *3r^TO ^?TT ’f" , %T%5T
f^qt ^71^ q^?T% *T*IT5T XW ’ftrrr f I I
f*W?IT% 7Tg-GEI% sTT^, *3%, t*?} ^ ^TT
oTi?r I, vwfrro ’sjqiT:^ ^rmq;T tTch t
^rir ^q^T^qT 7rtf?nft ^rc ^ttcT^t ^r^T # i ^ i
m^r^T^qfT Trtfcr ’sffc ; ^f%-
^T?Tq>r *ftf?r qraro i ^1
*ftf?r ifarnT^yfirarvir ^fc w^*r
wn ; ^V ^«rnnRT ^rtfa *farrrofqr3nre
w*ir I x ^8 i
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
285
Translation.
261, Pearls which originate in the head of the
boar, are generally white as the tusks of that
animal ; — rarely resembling in hue, the color of
the boar.
2G2. As boars are divided into four orders deno-
minated after the names of the four cardinal
castes, even so are the pearls which are produced
by them.
263-64 The Brahmin Pearl is white and soft
to the touch; the Kshetriya one is red-white
and hard ; the Pearl of the Yaisya class is white-
yellow and tender ; while the Sudra Pearl is
blue-white and hard to the touch.
(7i 3^1 wrajrftr
<nit >©m erfa erfa wr
^t?ri i ^ i
wirbc^cw CW ^1,
SRS'tS ^Tl I W I
bP2R«f Wl ^
^S*1 'Q \K*S |
I
*ttcanf
'e W*t**K i ^ i
2 SG i
s\
(T^T^? 3 T^r^ I
w it ii
\3
rT^IT *THTfa *frHhn*; B ^ $$ ti
i^^s^nrwnr I
^»f Ttf^TZ-
^ Ti^f nrrrr a ^ b
(TpIflT I
^t *ftf?T WK Wfi OTT* ms** ?i?T%
G\
fl'*TT*T *t^, *?*TT ^TTfT^iT ^Yfif
^T^r ^rc^?rhfi\ srf 5 ? *rN i^y.1
^ ^T^TT-
xw> ^(Ti *\
^tr *ra5i ■srm^ wtfiRT ^T«r %wt ^rm # i I
sj^t *rt ^rfrr *r^t ■rtrii *t, ^ *f%
W*TR # , ^cfiT W SF^i ^TH
^ ; *r^m *rrf?( ^ toott *rtf>r
% ^V Wf^ v^tara 1 1 l
Translation.
265. A boar-begotten Pearl resembling a plum
in sliape and tho tusks of that animal in hue, is a
most beautiful object in nature and is not to be ob-
tained by a meritless individual.
26G. Of conch-shells, those only that are yellow-
bodied and black-mouthed produce Pearls. I shall
now describe Pearls of this origin.
2G7. A Pearl that is derived from a conch-shell,
is of tho dimensions of a large plum, and is white
as the inner surface of the coat of that shell-fish.
Such Pearls as well as those produced by elephants,
are the best of their kind and arc productive of good
fortune.
i
w w fwf,
<7!^ ^j&\ srftrai
faWl f^® "Wl I I
(71 fS*1 TOT, *Tfat?T
^ ^T<i *1W *WSTt® '3 ^Sf-
^§Wf® ^ I ^
288
1
qqfwqtf <ftqrr l
qnfon^qqnj Ti^froifapretTC it n
^I'kssrit^qvfrgt q wittp ^v - 1
$farii qq ^na f% qqfq>faq^Tiqi il n
^ *Nlf Ipftftnn: It * 6 ® II
Cn
cTT^TUT 1
5R^ TTT^^^T ^Pt qqw qqTq ■? , OTjir
*r*m wt wf %im #, ^st viftr
qjqg% ^TTTST ^ qr^K^i qqja
fq4^» TT^a qqnr ’ST^TT^T I I
'Slfipft a^q% TOOTC* TOTOI ^TtTT^IT
fafqqqT ww qq^r TtaT # * q;^ ar^q w^it
qq^I^qT TOOTH f%f%*T3>T %Tar # 1^4-1
qq^TsJq a>faw qil^TT, qraqfar,
^m, 5?kr, ^t^t> wr?r qfaT, 'stto
wiql qi w, T*rt a*qq a^fqfaaqiT
TV Tl(TT ^ t I
K
A TBEATISE ON GEMS. 289
.
Translation.
268. The conch-shell called pancha/janya * is
tho best of its kind. The Pearls produced by it
are like the pigeon’s egg in size, and transparent as
hail as well as whito. These are exceedingly beau-
tiful.
269. There are twenty-seven kinds of conch-
shells, produced by as many stars of the Aswini
class ; accordingly Pearls generated in them being
marked out by distinctive qualities, are divided
into twenty-seven orders.
270. A conch-shell Pearl is white, black, yellow-
ish, crimson blue, reddish, deep-yellow, ashcolored
or pale-red.
i
C*T%ns 1
w fh3,
* Bo called because it is related to the dve classes of beings, viz,,
gods, men, Gaud hams and Asuras, serpents and Pitris. — Williams,
q*rfqqrf?raT »HNt I
mtiwv fq^T q* qqlfqfq: || ^ II
qrq qrftq^* i
'Sfq-^q qrfrqTTqShj
q q*qqqn qqVqi II 8
^praraw qqr q^fe’ fiiftra qq I
TITS^W^TW^^r^Tfsfl qqifq U I
JTT 5 WT I
'qfaqqt ^TTmnr qwq% ^ qrfssuftq
%qrc qrqq q^ sft q-gqq q^r^qT qtfq
qfrqqq qa?q qift, irai qqqir SETST
qft ^ q^qqrrqqiT *ftfq v&i q ^sifasft qfa: qqr-
sr^qq irqqV q^qq* qqt q^qsrrqqiT qtfq
qftqqq 'wmqir ft<n ? 1 w *
I ^fr q^f% q^q qq^T qtfq qN qqqi ^q
vtfq qq?T 'rmi # , q^fqqfTqqir qtfq q^rq viter,
t^pm WtZT. qftqRq VRPRT qffa <gqq?T qf qtqpjf
qwfaq? fq ^5 q^Tq I ^\s? I
fqfq qwf%$ flFt ?ftfq qq^T TtfTT #, ^^iT
j qW shrct qjqfq; Tf^iq qqjq, qrNrqw q$?q
'f T^rqiT, qjz^t^q^ qqrq w ^ 1 qq^T> ^qq
q?K qi^q qtq, ita ^Kr^nq^p: qft 1^1
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
291
Translation.
271. Tho nine species of Pearls obtained from
the first nine stars of the Aswini order from Asioin
to Aslesd. are very heavy — those produced by tho
next nine from Maglid to Ieshtlmd are less so ; while
those produced by the rest from MMd to Revati
are very light.
272. Pearls aro also obtained from the mouth of
sea-fish. Such pearls are singularly round, small
and light, and in color aro like the back of the
sheat fish, (Silurus Boalis).
273. Those Pearls that originate in whales, are
0 M?i/t?-shaped* and pdtali- colored. f They are very
light and agreeably round, but aro not highly
lustrous.
i
*711^ <4^ •T^T^FiWt'© fiFl '8 ; SrR
spcfl CWI&1 *1*3 fed
fTl *tnp8' <4^
fen '86 ? h «rf ftiTF 1 1
(7i wr 3 ^ >i^s tot, ^ fen
^*m wrers fen
^5, 'sto *rf ^1, <-w M
?< fj*ti w 1
Cl fen 3FCTT, '5W
'©sts ( ) srfa, '«ra sifosrf,
c^sf-
=ri 1 w 1
* Patali is the trumpet flower, Bignonia Suaveolens . — Williams .
t A red and black berry of Abru’s Precatorius forming the smallest
(?) of the jeweller’s weights averaging about grains Troy.— Williams,
v
*
'{
*
I
\
St
*fN T: ^TT^T W* II ^$8 B
STfTTfT '^T'ftrT *[$ fcTTT<r: |
^ B ^yt II
fRSffll I
H
A TREATISE ON GEMS
293
Translation,
274. Fishes are divided into seven kinds, accord-
ing to the preponderance of one, two, or all of the
three vital properties — the air, bile and cold ; and
so are the Pearls produced by the finny kind.
275. Pearls which come from fish into whose
composition the air principally enters, are exceed-
ingly light and reddish brown ; those produced by
bilious fish are yellowish and brittle ; those pro-
duced by fishes in which cold preponderates, are
heavy and white ; and those which originate in
fish predominated over by the air and bile, are
brittle and excessively light.
^ | 5^8 |
w vtx'Q
fS *1 ^ %®^8 w -
^»tft 'S W
'QWfi «T^ I VW I
,8 r^ , rnr i
294
ntTnm^i i
* 15^ 1
j STTiTSf |
V 3 &V TJV^T: m^T^r^T t ^Ilfw’TTfH^T: I) B
srhafaT^Tri
^ TtY^T "T^ f I
f?rm 5 f[^ fnrf^ ^t^t ?i-
f%%’WTTO*mtw li^'Q'SB
sfasETT I
qtfVw ^TfVfT rg^
f?refar ^ wfa (TTn^^rg^f: N ^\s« H
tt^WT 1
f%r*r ^ti^t ^farr, ^sr to^t-
*frfa q(%* ; f%*r fq^-
^ WT^T '?'t^T» TO^T^TT «Vfa q^rf ^TUR
fij^k i *115 f^Ti qps f?i^> ^jti*
^t 7 TT» ^q»T q^rsrqT artf?r q^rfqrfqm fa?r
Tt^IT ; ^V T*?f ^TTrT%fw^ RpS|
5 ft *ftf?T W<*TT ^WgiTTJTH
j; q^T vbb ?*£t i^Tqqi 1 1 ^\8$ [
qm inflow *ft *ftf?r q^T t, q=s ^r^r,
?ft% qftrc 5 Wlf?I «RTqTT% q?^%
I ( ^T5t sfNrrtw ' ^ % a\9 I
*ftfa xrq^T ’#\cTT t, TO ^T^f^r
*rarq>T *riq Tt?TT t, qfa if ^t ^tq v^ 5 m%
srf? q^r?r rhrr* qf^if'qw faq’} - qfq’q ^r*f qkr
^TR qi^T ?HfTT 1 1 I
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
Translation
276. Pearls produced by fish predominated
over by the air and cold, are rather large ; those
produced by fish in which bile and oold prepond-
erate are very transparent ; and those produced
by fish into which the three substances enter in
equal proportions, combine all the first-mentioned
qualities. Of these, those only into the composition
of which either one substance or all the three enter,
are productive of good.
277. Pearls which adorn the serpent’s crest, are
finely round and highly shining ; and reflect a beau-
tiful blue halo like the flash of a polished sword.
278. Those serpents that bear Pearls on their
head are the descendants of V&suki* ; these are
not born everywhere, and are rarely seen by men
in some sacred ground.
^ *ttf^ wit^ni fftore to ^r-
I VI *1 I
01 W "SrOU, Tt^-
SfOH =11,
cwffe nfsil i vi^ i
* Sovereign of the snakes.
JTOTf I
0 \
T^fur^f StT**? W SST^fa I
gSffsfaT S xj^jfpfT 3T^%: gESSSTS 3 ^\9<5 B
*rssstst^ sgflsisn: I
sss «rifiT: Tfimg W; l^coB
swift ssTfa ss fwT
TWftTSWT SSi?V ^TTSt I
fl^frsf^rtx: ^wrafft ssf^r
ftST^irs II ^k\ 8
irrsmr i
WW SS^ST stfa sfa, ^S-
snsisfta, sar^skw, sst *r%!
5Wf|?I ^fVS$ t^STSt s€ft Sf%
stm I I**. i
Sft% SST^S wt StfiT SS^T TtHI SSst
srsrw, siftf, sag ’sk ssis sxssW # ,
^t«r 5TT SIS, *gf$S% *ss%
ssts i sssri ^ sttsstw^ ^ists ;
Tsft t^w, ^ SSTS '??t< rnt T%-
W> SSSiT ^ l^TW SSTS 'tP I I
S^STS S sT <T K^i SS, SSft, ST S^TT
STf%SS>SST^ TT^S^t^t STftlS
ftfSrRVS SSSfa, SSpft Wk 'tsKT TtW
stss stiii ssr^i ss iftfs vrew
s^sts sir s' I ]
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
297
Translation.
279. Persons void of merit cannot see the class
of Pearls under description ; — the exceeding bril-
liance and beauty of which are hidden from their
\ view.
2S0. Such Pearls as are found on the head of
serpents, are divided into four classes called after
the names of the four principal castes. Of these,
those which arc Brahmins, resemble in form Shya-
! kiilct* ; the Kshetriya class are like the fruit of the
I J Emblic Myrobalan ; the Yaisya Pearls are like com-
mon plums ; while the Sudra ones are #M«/a-sliaped.
281. The power which is attained by virtuous
people through the possession of innumerable gems
and great wealth, through ordinary prosperity or
through regal good fortune, is attained by wearing
j one serpent-begotten Pearl.
^ I ^ I
C ^1 3tWt,
fcpjj ''Q ^ i
crofa ; c*r©f%
; C*I0f*T hm<,
(Tf^f^r <^Tst win <4Ts CT«f^r c\-
j '©fsr $cs?r wti ^ i i
C^TftWI <2t£3 W,
| ^ <2ft$ Ytsi cwt CYsrfl
*Tr:<H I ^ 1
i
A tkoruy shrub.
L L
Hfanm^x i
JTWJTl
c\ ^
^ jrw:
fWfNfag* it^T fTfT n tl
fr^T ^^fa<rebnrft-
«T 7? VST^rr 5T "5 ^T^rT^T
*r Kmwi •rrpr ^ sorter: n
o
fcreffr isfarir^ II li
Sfanf^fir «ri^s^ mv\ t i
M^x i^hw II ^8 n
trrsfiTTl
W*fi^ TJ^J *r<*PW
*r ^r*r ^gf*x
^T^) ?£f '&* ^"Vffr #, x*l war wt ^ri^
’ftfw ^TT^t Wf<T, KTTO fawi-
^c ^tt ^if wr TffV i i
f%ft f^fa ^*r?w mmw *ftfH ’rtm
■f » Tff^Ti ^ ^tw ^ftfrT^ *WRT
^fi ^ i ^«g i
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
Translation.
282 — 283. When in an auspicious hour, a person
carefully keeps such a gem in his house, in con-
formity with the instructions of the authorities, tho
skies resound with the sound of the Dnndhuvi ;*
and such a person has nothing to fear from serpents,
Iid/cshasasi and other demons, or from wicked
people.
284. In certain places, Pearls are found on the
head of frogs ; learned men class these with serpent
Pearls.
1
#5 ^ri i w uvo i
c^U 3 ste=i cwtf^ hf‘i wfwl
* A sort of large kettle drum* t Vide antL
*
300
nfjnnwT i
i
C\
■n n
q^qqqT^irfqqrzfqfq gqrcqqrgT^ n ^*y II
^T^t f^ra qqqqri $ qqfq?qq: i
vftwf: qrfqrq qnqsq q*3 ^t fqqqfqpr. II II
^TT q^T^r^T ^T fc^WT^Tg^TTfT: I
*T W* 0 ^c\Q II
cTT5WT I “
f^rf^r, qTTq'tfqq ( q^q Tqqqq qf? qiqq,
% •TTW 3iq 'W ), ^TT^ ( ^TTZ ), rfT^qnrf
( qf^q qiZq4qq qx^r ), qptqfa ( qj^ t*r ),
qftqr ( qqiqq4q% fqqi? )> qTq^i ( ^Tf%q$
)» fq^rc ( qq^g t*r )» ^aV ^jz qrqqq
qtfq qq^T qVqT q* i ^y I
**t fa* qqq JgTq^q^qq' T'fTTT ■?% qq
qqqq ^ qq qqqft q^ fqqq q^fq q\ qqfr srqr^t
q^ qm q^qqTqf qfqfqq^fT xtqq»itf?T qq^T
’rtfiT # I I
qiq^- qf: fq^ q^qqY qT qt, qqV qr^qT
qtfqq^ Ttqr> ^rafq^7rc qqqft q^ tfq TTfq,qT q^T
q>fq TtaT, q*qq qqqft q^q q*qq *frfq
qqj% q^q wfel *rtfq TtqT | s?c^o I
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